IPAC2022 - List of Keywords (linac)

Paper	Title	Other Keywords	Page
MOPOST007	Summary of the First Fully Operational Run of LINAC4 at CERN	MMI, operation, cavity, injection	58
	P.K. Skowroński, G. Bellodi, B. Bielawski, R.B. Borner, G.P. Di Giovanni, E. Gousiou, J.-B. Lallement, A.M. Lombardi, B. Mikulec, J. Parra-Lopez, F. Roncarolo, J.L. Sanchez Alvarez, R. Scrivens, L. Timeo, R. Wegner CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	In December 2020 the newly commissioned LINAC4 started delivering beam for the CERN proton accelerator chain, replacing the old LINAC2. LINAC4 is a 352 MHz normal conducting linac, providing a beam of negative hydrogen ions at 160 MeV that are converted into protons at injection into the PS Booster synchrotron. In this paper we report on the achieved beam performance, availability, reproducibility and other operational aspects of LINAC4 during its first fully operational year. We also present the machine developments performed and the plans for future improvements.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOST007
About •	Received ※ 09 June 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 04 July 2022
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MOPOST010	Deuteron Beam Power Ramp-Up at SPIRAL2	MEBT, cavity, MMI, LEBT	70
	A.K. Orduz, M. Di Giacomo, R. Ferdinand, J.-M. Lagniel, G. Normand GANIL, Caen, France D.U. Uriot CEA-IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
	The SPIRAL2 linac commissioning started on 8 July 2019 after obtaining the authorisation to operate by the French Safety Authority. The tuning of the two Low Energy Beam Transport (LEBT), Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ), Medium Energy Beam Transport (MEBT), Superconducting (SC) linac and High Energy Beam Transport (HEBT) was done with H⁺, 4He2+ and D⁺ beams during three periods of six months each in 2019, 2020 and 2021. The results obtained in 2021 with a D⁺ beam are presented. The strategy for the tuning of the MEBT, including three rebunchers, is described. The comparison between the beam parameter measurements and reference simulations are also presented. The main results of the power ramp-up to 10 kW in the linac with a 5 mA D⁺ beam are next reported. Finally, the extrapolation from the nominal power (200 kW) to the obtained results is analysed.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOST010
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 18 June 2022
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MOPOST011	CEA Contribution to the PIP-II Linear Accelerator	cryomodule, cavity, SRF, vacuum	74
	N. Bazin, J. Belorgey, S. Berry, J. Drant, O. Napoly, A. Raut, P. Sahuquet, C. Simon CEA-DRF-IRFU, France S. Arsenyev, Q. Bertrand, P. Brédy, E. Cenni, C. Cloué, R. Cubizolles, H. Jenhani, S. Ladegaillerie, A. Le Baut, A. Moreau, O. Piquet CEA-IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France O. Napoly Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
	The Proton Improvement Plan II (PIP-II) that will be installed at Fermilab is the first U.S. accelerator project that will have significant contributions from international partners. CEA joined the international collaboration in 2018, and will deliver 10 low-beta cryomodules as In-Kind Contribution to the PIP-II project, with cavities supplied by LASA-INFN and power couplers and tuning systems supplied by Fermilab. This paper presents the CEA scope of work that includes the design, manufacturing, assembly and tests of the cryomodules and the upgrade of the existing infrastructures to the PIP-II requirements.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOST011
About •	Received ※ 13 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 25 June 2022
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MOPOST014	The 325 MHz FAIR pLinac Ladder RFQ - Final Assembly for Commissioning	rfq, proton, coupling, vacuum	82
	M. Schuett, U. Ratzinger IAP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany C.M. Kleffner, K. Knie GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
	Based on the positive results of the unmodulated 325 MHz Ladder-RFQ prototype from 2013 to 2016, we developed and designed a modulated 3.4 m Ladder-RFQ. The Ladder-RFQ features a very constant voltage along the axis as well as low dipole modes. The unmodulated prototype accepted 3 times the operating power of which is needed in operation* corresponding to a Kilpatrick factor of 3.1 with a pulse length of 200 µs. The 325 MHz RFQ is designed to accelerate protons from 95 keV to 3.0 MeV according to the design parameters of the proton linac within the FAIR project**. This particular high frequency for a 4-ROD-RFQ creates difficulties, which triggered the development of a Ladder-RFQ with its high symmetry. The results of the unmodulated prototype have shown, that the Ladder-RFQ is very well suited for that frequency. For the applied cooling concept, the Ladder-RFQ can be driven up to a duty factor of 10%. Manufacturing has been completed in September 2018. The final flatness & frequency tuning as well as the final assembly have been completed. We present the final RF measurements and assembly steps getting the Ladder-RFQ ready for shipment and high power RF test prior to assembly. Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 874 (2017) 012048 Proceedings of LINAC2016, East Lansing, TUPLR053 *Proceedings of LINAC20118, pp.787-789
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOST014
About •	Received ※ 12 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 05 July 2022
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MOPOST015	Beam Dynamics Simulations for the Superconducting HELIAC CW Linac at GSI	cavity, heavy-ion, SRF, cryomodule	86
	M. Schwarz, T. Conrad, H. Podlech IAP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany K. Aulenbacher, F.D. Dziuba, S. Lauber, J. List IKP, Mainz, Germany K. Aulenbacher, W.A. Barth, M. Basten, C. Burandt, F.D. Dziuba, V. Gettmann, T. Kürzeder, S. Lauber, J. List, M. Miski-Oglu, S. Yaramyshev HIM, Mainz, Germany K. Aulenbacher, W.A. Barth, M. Basten, C. Burandt, F.D. Dziuba, V. Gettmann, M. Heilmann, T. Kürzeder, S. Lauber, J. List, M. Miski-Oglu, A. Rubin, S. Yaramyshev GSI, Darmstadt, Germany W.A. Barth KPH, Mainz, Germany H. Podlech HFHF, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
	Funding: Work supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, contract no. 05P21RFRB2) The superconducting (SC) continuous wave (CW) heavy ion linac HELIAC (HElm\-holtz LInear ACcelerator) is a common project of GSI and HIM under key support of IAP Frankfurt. It is intended for future experiments with heavy ions near the Coulomb barrier within super-heavy element (SHE) research and aims at developing a linac with multiple CH cavities as key components downstream the High Charge State Injector (HLI) at GSI. The design is challenging due to the requirement of intense beams in CW mode up to a mass-to-charge ratio of 6, while covering a broad output energy range from 3.5 to 7.3 MeV/u with minimum energy spread. In 2017 the first superconducting cavity of the linac has been successfully commissioned and extensively tested with beam at GSI. In the light of experience gained in this research so far, the beam dynamics layout for the entire linac has been updated and optimized in the meantime. This contribution will provide a brief overview of the recent progress on the project, as well as a potential modification to the linac layout.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOST015
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 09 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 03 July 2022 — Issue date ※ 10 July 2022
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MOPOST016	Proton Linac Design for the High Brilliance Neutron Source HBS	cavity, rfq, neutron, proton	90
	M. Schwarz, M. Droba, K. Kümpel, S. Lamprecht, O. Meusel, N.F. Petry, H. Podlech IAP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany J. Baggemann, Th. Brückel, T. Gutberlet, E. Mauerhofer, U. Rücker, A. Schwab, P. Zakalek JCNS, Jülich, Germany J. Li IEK, Jülich, Germany C. Zhang GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
	Due to the decommissioning of several reactors, only about half of the neutrons will be available for research in Europe in the next decade despite the commissioning of the ESS. High-Current Accelerator-driven Neutron Sources (HiCANS) could fill this gap. The High Brilliance Neutron Source (HBS) currently under development at Forschungszentrum Jülich is scalable in terms of beam energy and power due to its modular design. The driver linac will accelerate a 100 mA proton beam to 70 MeV. The linac is operated with a beam duty cycle of up to 13.6 % (15.3 % RF duty cycle) and can simultaneously deliver three pulse lengths (208 µs, 833 µs and 2 ms) for three neutron target stations. In order to minimize the development effort and the technological risk, state-of-the-art technology of the MYRRHA injector is used. The HBS linac consists of a front end (ECR source, LEBT, 2.5 MeV double RFQ) and a CH-DTL section with 44 room temperature CH-cavities. All RF structures are operated at 176.1 MHz and are designed for high duty cycle. Solid-state amplifiers up to 500 kW are used as RF drivers. Due to the beam current and the high average beam power of up to 952 kW, particular attention is paid to beam dynamics. In order to minimize beam losses, a quasi-periodic lattice with constant negative phase is used. This paper describes the conceptual design and the challenges of a modern high-power and high-current proton accelerator with high reliability and availability.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOST016
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 09 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 11 July 2022
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MOPOST017	Design and Beam Dynamics Study of Disk-Loaded Structure for Muon Linac	acceleration, emittance, accelerating-gradient, lattice	94
	K. Sumi, T. Iijima, K. Inami, Y. Sue, M. Yotsuzuka Nagoya University, Graduate School of Science, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan H. Ego, T. Mibe, N. Saito, M. Yoshida KEK, Ibaraki, Japan T. Iijima KMI, Nagoya, AIchi Prefecture, Japan Y. Kondo, K. Moriya JAEA/J-PARC, Tokai-mura, Japan Y. Nakazawa Ibaraki University, Hitachi, Ibaraki, Japan M. Otani J-PARC, KEK & JAEA, Ibaraki-ken, Japan Y. Takeuchi Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan H.Y. Yasuda University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
	The disk-loaded structures (DLS) in the muon LINAC are under development for the J-PARC muon g-2/EDM experiment. Four DLSs with an accelerating gradient of 20 MV/m take charge of muon acceleration from 40 MeV to 212 MeV, which corresponds to 70% to 94% of the speed of light. The quasi-constant gradient type TM01-2pi/3 mode DLSs with gradually varying disk spacing was designed and confirmed that the cumulative phase slip due to the mismatch between muon and phase velocity can be suppressed to less than 2 degrees at the frequency of 2592 MHz. In addition, the optimum synchronous phase and the lattice were investigated to satisfy the requirements of the total emittance less than 1.5 pi mm mrad and the momentum spread less than 0.1% in RMS.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOST017
About •	Received ※ 19 May 2022 — Revised ※ 09 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 20 June 2022
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MOPOST020	In-Kind Contributions: The PIP-II Project at Fermilab	controls, framework, alignment, proton	98
	L. Lari, L. Merminga, A.M. Rowe Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
	Funding: Work supported, in part, by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics, under U.S. DOE Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359. The Proton Improvement Plan II (PIP-II) Project is the first U.S. accelerator project that has significant contributions from international partners. A project management framework was created to fully integrate and make consistent across all partners the design, development, and delivery of In-Kind Contributions (IKC) into PIP-II. This framework consists of planning documentation, procedures, and communication and assessment processes to control schedule, risk, quality, and technical integration over the lifetime of the project. The purpose of this paper is to present the PIP-II IKC model put in place to properly integrate the IKC deliverables into the PIP-II Linac and share experience and lessons learned from its early implementation.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOST020
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 21 June 2022
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MOPOST021	ReAccelerator Upgrade, Commissioning and First Experiments at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory (NSCL) / Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB)	cryomodule, experiment, MMI, ion-source	101
	A.C.C. Villari, G. Bollen, K.D. Davidson, K. Fukushima, A.I. Henriques, K. Holland, S.H. Kim, A. Lapierre, T. Maruta, D.G. Morris, S. Nash, P.N. Ostroumov, A.S. Plastun, J. Priller, B.M. Sherrill, R. Walker, T. Zhang, Q. Zhao FRIB, East Lansing, Michigan, USA B. Arend, D.B. Crisp, D.J. Morrissey, M. Steiner NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
	Funding: Work supported by the NSF under grant PHY15-65546 and DOE-SC under award number DE-SC0000661 The reaccelerator ReA is a state-of-the-art super-conducting linac for reaccelerating rare isotope beams produced via inflight fragmentation or fission and subse-quent beam stopping. ReA was subject of an upgrade that increased its final beam energy from 3 MeV/u to 6 MeV/u for ions with charge over mass equal to 1/4. The upgrade included a new room-temperature rebuncher after the first section of acceleration, a new β = 0.085 QWR cryomodule and two new beamlines in a new ex-perimental vault. During commissioning, beams were accelerated with near 100 percent transport efficiency through the linac and delivered through beam transport lines. Measured beam characteristics match those calcu-lated. Following commissioning, stable and long living rare isotope beams from a Batch Mode Ion Source (BMIS) were accelerated and delivered to experiments. This con-tribution will briefly describe the upgrade, and results from beam commissioning and beam delivery for experi-ments.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOST021
About •	Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 21 June 2022
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MOPOST035	Operational Experience and Performance of the REX/HIE-ISOLDE Linac	ISOL, experiment, operation, MMI	140
	J.A. Rodriguez, N. Bidault, E. Fadakis, P. Fernier, M.L. Lozano, S. Mataguez, E. Piselli, E. Siesling CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	Located at CERN, ISOLDE is one of the world’s lead-ing research facilities in the field of nuclear science. Radioactive Ion Beams (RIBs) are produced when 1.4 GeV protons transferred from the Proton Synchrotron Booster (PSB) to the facility impinge on one of the two available targets. The RIB of interest is extracted, mass-separated and transported to one of the experimental stations, either directly, or after being accelerated in the REX/HIE-ISOLDE post-accelerator. In addition to a Penning trap (REXTRAP) to accumulate and transversely cool the beam and a charge breeder (REXEBIS) to boost the charge state of the ions, the post-accelerator includes a linac with both room temperature (REX linac) and superconducting (HIE-ISOLDE linac) sections followed by three HEBT lines to deliver the beam to the different experimental stations. The latest upgrades of the facility as well as a comprehensive list of the RIBs delivered to the users of the facility and the operational experience gained during the last physics campaigns will be presented in this contribution.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOST035
About •	Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 21 June 2022
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MOPOST038	Excitation of the σ_l_l = 90° Resonance by the Cavity RF Accelerating Fields	resonance, focusing, space-charge, cavity	152
	J.-M. Lagniel GANIL, Caen, France
	In RF linacs the longitudinal focusing is done by nonlinear forces and at high accelerating fields the zero-current longitudinal phase advance per longitudinal focusing period σ₀l_l can be high. The nonlinear components of the RF field (sextupolar, octupolar and higher order components) can then excite parametric resonances, including the 4th-order resonance (σ_l_l = 90°) when σ₀l_l is higher than 90°, inducing strong longitudinal emittance growths and acceptance reductions. The longitudinal beam dynamics is therefore complex, even when the nonlinear space-charge forces are ignored. The parametric resonance excitation by the RF field is analyzed before discussing the additional effect of the nonlinear space-charge forces, in particular to explain why the zero-current longitudinal phase advance per transverse focusing period σ₀l_t is not a relevant parameter. Examples are given in the SPIRAL2 linac case.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOST038
About •	Received ※ 16 May 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 22 June 2022
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MOPOST041	Dynamic Aperture Studies for the Transfer Line From FLUTE to cSTART	storage-ring, optics, quadrupole, simulation	164
	J. Schäfer, B. Härer, A.-S. Müller, A.I. Papash, R. Ruprecht, M. Schuh KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany
	Funding: J. Schäfer acknowledges the support by the DFG- funded Doctoral School "Karlsruhe School of Elementary and Astroparticle Physics: Science and Technology". The compact STorage ring for Accelerator Research and Technology cSTART project will deliver a new KIT accelerator test facility for the application of novel acceleration techniques and diagnostics. The goal is to demonstrate storing an electron beam of a Laser Plasma Accelerator (LPA) in a compact circular accelerator for the first time. Before installing an LPA, the Far-Infrared Linac and Test Experiment (FLUTE) will serve as a full energy injector for the compact storage ring, providing stable bunches with a length down to a few femtoseconds. The transport of the bunches from FLUTE to the cSTART storage ring requires a transfer line which includes horizontal, vertical and coupled deflections which leads to coupling of the dynamics in the two transverse planes. In order to realize ultra-short bunch lengths at the end of the transport line, it relies on special optics which invokes high and negative dispersion. This contribution presents dynamic aperture studies based on six-dimensional tracking through the lattice of the transfer line.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOST041
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 09 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 24 June 2022
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MOPOPT005	Bunch Measurements with BPM at Low Energy Hadron Accelerators	rfq, simulation, diagnostics, electron	237
	S.M. Ben Abdillah Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France S. Boussa, A. Gatera, F. Pompon SCK•CEN, Mol, Belgium
	Beam Position Monitors (BPM) are one of the key diagnostics use in LINACs, BPMs should ensure a continuous monitoring of the beam position and energy. BPMs also give an indication of the beam transverse shape. For electron LINACs, beam longitudinal length is measured with BPMs. However, in hadron LINACs, it is performed with intrusive modules (wire scanners, beam shape monitors) This document relates the measurement of beam longitudinal length with BPMs. It is divided in two parts: first, a theoretical model of the BPM operation and the formulas driving the measurement of beam longitudinal length from BPM output signals. Second, an experimental study run at MYRRHA LINAC facility and showing good agreement between estimated values of beam longitudinal length from Tracewin simulations and BPM measurements.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOPT005
About •	Received ※ 12 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 22 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 27 June 2022
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MOPOPT012	Concept of a Beam Diagnostics System for the Multi-Turn ERL Operation at the S-DALINAC	cavity, operation, electron, recirculation	254
	M. Dutine, M. Arnold, R. Grewe, L.E. Jürgensen, N. Pietralla, F. Schließmann, M. Steinhorst TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
	Funding: Work supported by DFG (GRK 2128), BMBF (05H21RDRB1), the State of Hesse within the Research Cluster ELEMENTS (Project ID 500/10.006) and the LOEWE Research Group Nuclear Photonics. The S-DALINAC is a thrice-recirculating electron accelerator operating in cw-mode at a frequency of 3 GHz. Due to the implementation of a path-length adjustment system capable of a 360° phase shift, it is possible to operate the accelerator as an Energy-Recovery LINAC. The multi-turn ERL operation has been demonstrated in 2021. While operating the accelerator in this mode, there are two sets of bunches, the still-to-be accelerated and the already decelerated beam, with largely different absolute longitudinal coordinates in the same beamline acting effectively as a 6 GHz beam. For this mode, a non-destructive, sensitive beam diagnostics system is necessary in order to measure the position of both beams simultaneously. The status of a 6 GHz resonant cavity beam position monitor (BPM) will be given together with the results of a wire scanner measurement of the multi-turn ERL beam.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOPT012
About •	Received ※ 02 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 28 June 2022
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MOPOPT049	Study on Energy Spectrum Measurement of Electron Beam for Producing MIR-FEL at PBP-CMU Electron Linac Laboratory	electron, dipole, FEL, emittance	367
	P. Kitisri, S. Rimjaem, K. Techakaew Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand S. Rimjaem ThEP Center, Commission on Higher Education, Bangkok, Thailand
	At the PBP-CMU Electron Linac Laboratory (PCELL), we aim to produce a mid-infrared free-electron laser (MIR-FEL) for pump-probe experiments in the future. The electron beam is generated from a thermionic cathode radio-frequency (RF) gun with a 1.5-cell cavity before going to an alpha magnet. In this section, some part of the beam is filtered out by using energy slits. The selected part of the beam is then further accelerated by an RF linear accelerator (linac) to get higher energy. This work focuses on the measurement of energy spectrum of electron beam for producing mid-infrared free-electron laser (MIR-FEL). Since our bunch compressor (BC) for the MIR-FEL beamline is an achromat system, the longitudinal distributions of electron beam at the entrance and the exit of the BC are almost the same. Thus, we can measure the longitidinal properties of the beam before it travels to the BC. By using a dipole magnet and a Faraday cup with a slit, we can measure energy spectrum of electron beam before entering the BC. In this study, the ASTRA code is used to investigate the properties of electron beam as well as to design the measuring system. The design results including systematic error of the measuring system are presented and discussed in this contribution. The results from this work can be used as the guideline for the measuring system construction as well as the beam operation.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOPT049
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 09 July 2022
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MOPOPT050	Systematic Study of Electron Beam Measuring Systems at the PBP-CMU Electron Linac Laboratory	electron, emittance, quadrupole, simulation	371
	K. Techakaew, S. Rimjaem Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
	The linear accelerator system at the PBP-CMU Electron Linac Laboratory (PCELL) is used to produce electron beam with suitable properties for generating coherent teragertz (THz) radiation and mid-infrared free-electron laser (MIR FEL). Optimization of machine parameters to produce short electron bunches with low energy spread and low transverse emittance was focused in this study. We conducted ASTRA simulations including three-dimentional (3D) space charge algorithm and 3D field distributions for radio-frequency (RF) electron gun and all magnets to develop measuring systems. Electron beam energy and energy spread were investigated downstream the RF gun and the RF linac using an alpha magnet and a dipole spectrometer, respectively. The transverse beam emittance was studied using the quadrupole scan technique. By filtering proper portion of electrons before entering the linac, the beam with average energy of 20 MeV and energy spread of 0.1-1% can be achieved for a bunch charge of 100 pC. The systematic error is less than 10% for measuring average energy and energy spread while it is less than 31% for measuring transverse emittance when placing the screen of at least 1.0 m behind the scanning quadrupole magnet. The results of this study were used to develop the measuring setups in our system.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOPT050
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 12 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 13 June 2022
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MOPOPT052	Beam-Based Alignment for LCLS-II CuS Linac-to-Undulator Quadrupoles	quadrupole, alignment, target, lattice	377
	X. Huang, D.K. Bohler SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
	An advanced method for beam-based alignment that can simultaneously determine the quadrupole centers of multiple magnets has been applied to the LCLS-II CuS linac-to-undulator (LTU) section. The new method modulates the strengths of multiple quadrupoles and monitor the induced trajectory shift. Measurements are repeated with the beam trajectory through the quadrupoles steered with upstream correctors, from which the quadrupole centers can be obtained. Steering of the trajectory to minimize the induced trajectory shift is also done for finding the quadrupole centers.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOPT052
About •	Received ※ 27 May 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 25 June 2022
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MOPOTK016	Arc Compressor Test in a Synchrotron - the ACTIS Project	electron, synchrotron, radiation, detector	473
	M. Rossetti Conti, A. Bacci, I. Drebot, V. Petrillo, A.R. Rossi, M. Ruijter, L. Serafini INFN-Milano, Milano, Italy A. Curcio CLPU, Villamayor, Spain S. Di Mitri Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, Italy G.W. Kowalski, R. Panaś, A.I. Wawrzyniak NSRC SOLARIS, Kraków, Poland V. Petrillo Universita’ degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy E. Puppin Politecnico/Milano, Milano, Italy
	ACTIS (Arc Compressor Test In a Synchrotron) is an experiment aimed to demonstrate the reliability of arc compressors as lattices capable to increase peak current and brightness of an electron beam as it is bent at large angles. This kind of devices has been proposed at theoretical level in several works over the past decades and could be the key to achieve compact and sustainable Free Electron Lasers in the near future. The experiment has been developed since 2019 in the joint effort between INFN, Solaris National Synchrotron Radiation Center and Elettra - S.T. S.C.p.A. The experiment will take place at Solaris (Kraków). Solaris is a synchrotron whose ring is injected by a 550 MeV linac that will be used to prepare the beam with a proper chirp. ACTIS involves also the commissioning of two beam length detectors to be installed downstream of the linac and of the first ring lap. In addition, the low energy model of the machine was built to identify the optimal working point for the experiment and to foresee the longitudinal profile of the beam that will be measured. In this work we present the experiment and report first results obtained in the study phase.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOTK016
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 01 July 2022
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MOPOTK022	A Design Study of Injector System for Synchrotron Light Source	electron, gun, cavity, simulation	485
	C. Kim, E.-S. Kim, C.S. Park KUS, Sejong, Republic of Korea
	This work presents a design study of a 200 MeV electron linear accelerator consisting of an electron gun, bunchers, and accelerator structures. We aimed to design the linac with low emittance and low energy spread. A coasting beam from a thermionic electron gun is bunched using a series of buncher cavities: sub-harmonic buncher (SHB), a pre-buncher (PB), and a Buncher. The bunched beam is then accelerated up to 200 MeV with 4 cascaded accelerating structures. The SHB was designed with one-cell standing wave structure for improving the bunching efficiency. The two types of the 500 MHz SHB were considered: elliptical and coupled-cavity linac types. We also investigated constant-gradient and constant-impedance types of 3 GHz multi-cell traveling wave resonators for following buncher cavities and accelerating structures. Depending on the type, geometries of each traveling wave structure (TWS) cavity were determined, and then the electromagnetic fields were calculated. RF powers and phases of each cavity along this linac system were optimized using beam dynamics simulation. Furthermore, the beam distributions in the transverse direction are adjusted using solenoid magnets in the lowenergy section as well as quad triplets in the high-energy section.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOTK022
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 10 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 17 June 2022
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MOPOTK050	Linac Optics Optimization with Multi-Objective Optimization	optics, lattice, quadrupole, controls	572
	I. Neththikumara, T. Satogata ODU, Norfolk, Virginia, USA R.M. Bodenstein, S.A. Bogacz, T. Satogata JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA A. Vandenhoeke ULB, Bruxelles, Belgium
	Funding: This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under contract DE-AC05-06OR23177. The beamline design of recirculating linacs requires special attention to avoid beam instabilities due to RF wakefields. A proposed high-energy, multi-pass energy recovery demonstration at CEBAF uses a low beam current. Stronger focusing at lower energies is necessary to avoid beam breakup(BBU) instabilities, even with this small beam current. The CEBAF linac optics optimization balances over-focusing at higher energies and beta excursions at lower energies. Using proper mathematical expressions, linac optics optimization can be achieved with evolutionary algorithms. Here, we present the optimization process of North Linac optics using multi-objective optimization.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOTK050
About •	Received ※ 31 May 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 10 July 2022
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MOPOTK053	RLAs with FFA Arcs for Protons and Electrons	cavity, SRF, hadron, optics	584
	V.S. Morozov ORNL RAD, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA J.F. Benesch, R.M. Bodenstein, S.A. Bogacz, A. Coxe, K.E. Deitrick, D. Douglas, B.R. Gamage, G.A. Krafft, K.E.Price. Price, Y. Roblin, A. Seryi JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA J.S. Berg, S.J. Brooks, F. Méot, D. Trbojevic BNL, Upton, New York, USA D. Douglas Douglas Consulting, York, Virginia, USA G.H. Hoffstaetter Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA
	Funding: Authored in part by UT-Battelle, LLC, Jefferson Science Associates, LLC, and Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contracts DE-AC05-00OR22725, DE-AC05-06OR23177, and DE-SC0012704 with the US DOE. Recirculating Linear Accelerators (RLAs) provide an efficient way of producing high-power, high-quality, continuous-wave hadron and lepton beams. However, their attractiveness had been limited by the cumbersomeness of multiple recirculating arcs and by the complexity of the spreader and recombiner regions. The latter problem sets one of the practical limitations on the maximum number of recirculations. We present an RLA design concept where the problem of multiple arcs is solved using the Fixed-Field Alternating gradient (FFA) design as in CBETA. The spreader/recombiner design is greatly simplified using an adiabatic matching approach. It allows for the spreader/recombiner function to be accomplished by a single beam line. The concept is applied to the designs of a high-power hadron accelerator being considered at ORNL and a CEBAF electron energy doubling project, FFA@CEBAF, being developed at Jefferson lab.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOTK053
About •	Received ※ 10 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 21 June 2022
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MOPOMS001	Progress on Development of AXSIS: A Femtosecond THz-Driven MeV Accelerator and keV X-Ray Source	electron, acceleration, gun, laser	621
	N.H. Matlis, M. Fakhari, F.X. Kärtner, T. Kroh, M. Pergament, T. Rohwer, M. Vahdani, D. Zhang CFEL, Hamburg, Germany R. Bazrafshan, F.X. Kärtner, T. Rohwer Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY) and Center for Free Electron Science (CFEL), Hamburg, Germany R. Bazrafshan, M. Vahdani University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany M. Fakhari, D. Zhang DESY, Hamburg, Germany F.X. Kärtner, T. Kroh The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
	Funding: This work was supported by KA908-12/1 of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and by the ERC under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013) through Synergy Grant AXSIS (609920). We report on the design and progress in implementing a THz-driven relativistic electron accelerator and associated X-ray source, the AXSIS Facility at DESY. We have developed a full layout of the machine based on a THz gun followed by a multi-cycle dielectric loaded metal waveguide THz linear accelerator to generate 20 MeV level, 10 fs electron bunches. The required THz pulse energies are on the mJ-level for the gun and multi-10-mJ-level for the THz linac. Customized laser technologies have been developed allowing for the generation of these pulses up to 1 kHz repetition rate. The generated electron bunches are then focused into a counter propagating optical pulse ’optical undulator’ to generate X-rays in the 6-7 keV range. We will discuss the overall layout of the machine, status of its implementation and technical challenges in the different components as well as diagnostics of this new type of accelerator and X-ray source.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOMS001
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 11 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 21 June 2022
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MOPOMS005	Start-to-End Simulations of a THz-Driven ICS Source	electron, gun, simulation, photon	631
	M. Fakhari, Y.-K. Kan DESY, Hamburg, Germany F.X. Kärtner The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany F.X. Kärtner Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY) and Center for Free Electron Science (CFEL), Hamburg, Germany N.H. Matlis, M. Vahdani CFEL, Hamburg, Germany M. Vahdani University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
	We present start-to-end simulations for a fully THz-driven table-top X-ray source. A dielectric-loaded metallic cavity operating at its Higher Order Mode accelerates 1 PC photo emitted electron bunch up to 430 keV kinetic energy. The output beam of the gun is injected into a dielectric-loaded waveguide where phase velocity of the traveling wave is adjusted in such a way that electrons see an accelerating field all the way along the tube resulting to an 18.5-MeV output beam which is then transported to an inverse Compton scattering (ICS) stage. The injection phase of the electrons can be tuned to introduce a negative energy chirp to the electron bunch leading to a ballistic bunch compression after the linac. In addition, a set of permanent magnet quadrupoles is designed to focus the beam at the ICS interaction point where the electron beam scatters off a 250-mJ, 0.5ps, 1-µm laser beam and generates an X-ray beam with 2.6x10⁷ photons per shot containing photon energies 2keV< Eph <8keV in a beam with 50 mrad half opening angle. The required terahertz waves to power the gun and linac are 550-ps pulses at 300 GHz containing 5 mJ and 23 mJ energies respectively with 1 kHz repetition rate.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOMS005
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 25 June 2022
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MOPOMS007	Optimized Dielectric Loaded Waveguide Terahertz LINACs	electron, acceleration, GUI, vacuum	634
	M. Vahdani University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany M. Fakhari DESY, Hamburg, Germany F.X. Kärtner The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany F.X. Kärtner Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY) and Center for Free Electron Science (CFEL), Hamburg, Germany M. Vahdani CFEL, Hamburg, Germany
	Dielectric loaded waveguides (DLW) powered by multicycle terahertz (THz) pulses have shown promising performance as compact linear accelerators due to higher breakdown fields at THz frequencies compared to conventional RF components. By changing the dielectric dimensions one can control phase and group velocities of the THz pulse inside the DLW. Since optimum waveguide dimensions are dependent on initial electron energy, THz pulse energy, and etc., it is worthwhile to determine optimum values for different conditions to maximize final kinetic energy. In this work, we present a combined analytical/numerical guide to determine the optimum DLW parameters for single on-axis electron acceleration. We also introduce normalized graphic representations to visualize optimum designs for different initial electron and THz pulse energies.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOMS007
About •	Received ※ 09 June 2022 — Revised ※ 09 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 21 June 2022
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MOPOMS013	Toward Emittance Measurements at 11.7 GHz Short-Pulse High-Gradient RF Gun	gun, emittance, GUI, experiment	649
	S.V. Kuzikov, C.-J. Jing, E.W. Knight Euclid TechLabs, Solon, Ohio, USA G. Chen, C.-J. Jing, P. Piot, E.E. Wisniewski ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA C.-J. Jing Euclid Beamlabs, Bolingbrook, USA P. Piot Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA P. Piot, W.H. Tan Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA
	Funding: This project is supported with DoE SBIR Phase II Grant #DE-SC0018709. A short pulse high gradient RF gun has been recently tested at Argonne Wakefield Accelerator (AWA) facility. The carried-out test showed that the 1,5-cell gun was able to inject 3 MeV, up to 100 pC bunches at room tem-perature being fed by 9 ns up to 300 MW 11.7 GHz puls-es. The cathode field was as high as about 400 MV/m. So high field is aimed to mitigate repealing Coulomb forces substantially. In accordance with simulations the emit-tance could be as low as less than 0.2 mcm. To obtain so low emittance in the experiment, the gun is assumed to be equipped with a downstream linac to be fed from the same power extractor as the gun itself. Here we report design of the RF power distribution system splitting RF power among the gun and the linac, results of low-power tests, and emittance measurement plans for upcoming new experiment at AWA.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOMS013
About •	Received ※ 01 June 2022 — Revised ※ 09 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 18 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 01 July 2022
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MOPOMS029	HPC Modeling of a High-Gradient C-Band Linac for Hard X-Ray Free-Electron Lasers	simulation, cavity, electron, FEL	703
	T.B. Bolin, S. Biedron UNM-ECE, Albuquerque, USA S. Sosa ODU, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
	The production of soft to hard x-rays (up to 25 keV) at XFEL (x-ray free-electron laser) facilities has enabled new developments in a broad range of disciplines. Great potential exists for new scientific discovery at higher energies (42+ keV) such as envisioned at MaRIE (Matter-Radiation Interactions in Extremes) at Los Alamos National Laboratory. These instruments can require a large amount of real estate, which quickly escalates costs: The driver of the FEL is typically an electron beam linear accelerator (LINAC) and the need for higher beam energies capable of generating these X-rays can dictate that the linac becomes longer. State of art accelerating technology is required to reduce the linac length by reducing the size of the cavities, providing for compact, high-frequency, high acceleration gradients. Here, we describe using the Argonne Leadership Computing Facility (ALCF) to facilitate our investigations into design concepts for future XFEL high-gradient LINAC’s in the C-band (~4-8 GHz). We investigate two different traveling wave (TW) geometries optimized for high-gradient operation as modeled at the ALCF using VSim software.* * https://www.txcorp.com
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOMS029
About •	Received ※ 03 July 2022 — Accepted ※ 04 July 2022 — Issue date ※ 08 July 2022
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MOPOMS039	Study of Material Choice in Beam Dumps for Energetic Electron Beams	electron, target, neutron, scattering	721
	D. Zhu, R.T. Dowd, Y.E. Tan AS - ANSTO, Clayton, Australia
	Lead is typically used as the initial target in a design for beam dumps for high energy electron beams (>20 MeV). Electron beams with energies above 20 MeV are usually built within concrete bunkers and therefore the design of any beam dump would just be a lead block (very cost effective) as close to the electron source as possible, after a vacuum flange of some sort. In a study of a hypothetical 100 MeV electron beam inside a concrete bunker with an extremely low dose rate constraint outside the bunker, the thickness of lead required would have been too restrictive for a compact design. In this study we investigate the potential benefits of designs that incorpo-rate low Z materials like graphite as the primary target material in vacuum followed by progressively higher Z materials up to lead. The results show the more diffuse elastic scattering from the primary target reduces the back scattered photons and reduces the overall neutron genera-tion. The effect was a more compact design for the beam dump to meet the same dose rate constraint.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOMS039
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 09 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 19 June 2022
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TUIYGD1	The Status of the ESS Project	target, ion-source, cryomodule, neutron	792
	A. Jansson ESS, Lund, Sweden
	Funding: Talk given on behalf of the ESS Accelerator Collaboration. The European Spallation Source (ESS), currently under construction in Lund, Sweden, will be the world’s most powerful linear accelerator driving a neutron spallation source, with an ultimate beam average power of 5 MW at 2.0 GeV. The LINAC accelerates a proton beam of 62.5 mA peak current at 4 % duty cycle (2.86 ms at 14 Hz). The accelerator uses a normal conducting front-end bring-ing the beam energy to 90 MeV, beyond that the accelera-tion up to 2 GeV is performed using superconducting structures. The accelerator is built by a European collabo-ration consisting of 23 European institutes delivering in-kind contributions of most hardware but also of services for installation and testing. More than half of the original 510 Mâ¬ for the accelerator budget being in form of in-kind contributions. This talk will give an overview of the status of the ESS accelerator and comment on the chal-lenges the accelerator collaboration has encountered and how we together are addressing these challenges.
	Slides TUIYGD1 [23.318 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUIYGD1
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 11 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 20 June 2022
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TUIYGD3	FRIB Commissioning and Early Operations	MMI, target, controls, operation	802
	J. Wei, H. Ao, S. Beher, G. Bollen, N.K. Bultman, F. Casagrande, W. Chang, Y. Choi, S. Cogan, C. Compton, M. Cortesi, J.C. Curtin, K.D. Davidson, X.-J. Du, K. Elliott, B. Ewert, A. Facco, A. Fila, K. Fukushima, V. Ganni, A. Ganshyn, T. Glasmacher, J.-W. Guo, Y. Hao, W. Hartung, N.M. Hasan, M. Hausmann, K. Holland, H.-C. Hseuh, M. Ikegami, D.D. Jager, S. Jones, N. Joseph, T. Kanemura, S.H. Kim, C. Knowles, P. Knudsen, T. Konomi, B.R. Kortum, T. Lange, M. Larmann, T.L. Larter, K. Laturkar, R.E. Laxdal, J. LeTourneau, Z. Li, S.M. Lidia, G. Machicoane, C. Magsig, P.E. Manwiller, F. Marti, T. Maruta, E.S. Metzgar, S.J. Miller, Y. Momozaki, D.G. Morris, M. Mugerian, I.N. Nesterenko, C. Nguyen, P.N. Ostroumov, M.S. Patil, A.S. Plastun, J.T. Popielarski, L. Popielarski, M. Portillo, J. Priller, X. Rao, M.A. Reaume, H.T. Ren, K. Saito, B.M. Sherrill, A. Stolz, B.P. Tousignant, R. Walker, X. Wang, J.D. Wenstrom, G. West, K. Witgen, M. Wright, T. Xu, T. Xu, Y. Yamazaki, T. Zhang, Q. Zhao, S. Zhao FRIB, East Lansing, Michigan, USA B. Arend, T.N. Ginter, E. Kwan, M.K. Smith, M. Steiner, O. Tarasov NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan, USA A. Facco INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy K. Hosoyama KEK, Ibaraki, Japan M.P. Kelly, Y. Momozaki ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA R.E. Laxdal TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada M. Wiseman JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
	Funding: Work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science under Cooperative Agreement DE-SC0000661. The Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) project has completed technical construction in January 2022, five months ahead of schedule baselined about 10 years ago. Beam commissioning has been planned in seven phases starting from 2017 when the normal-conducting ion source and RFQ were commissioned. In April 2021, FRIB driver linac commissioning was completed with heavy ion beams being accelerated to energies above 200 MeV/u using 324 superconducting radiofrequency (SRF) resonators contained in 46 cryomodules. In preparation for high-power operations, a liquid lithium charge strip-per was used to strip uranium beam from average charge state of 33+ to 78+, and multiple charge states were accelerated simultaneously in the linac. By January 2022, FRIB target and fragment separator commissioning was completed with rare-isotope beams produced and identified. In May 2022, the first FRIB user scientific experiment was successfully conducted. This talk summarizes the FRIB accelerator project commissioning and early operations experience with discussions on strategic planning, operational envelope conformance, technical risk mitigation, and lessons learned.
	Slides TUIYGD3 [23.483 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUIYGD3
About •	Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 06 July 2022
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TUOZGD1	Need for Portable Accelerators in Cultural Heritage	proton, rfq, site, radio-frequency-quadrupole	808
	T.K. Charles The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom R.M. Bodenstein, A. Castilla JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
	Ion Beam Accelerators (IBA) centres have provided researchers with powerful techniques to analyse objects of cultural significance in a non-destructive and non-invasive manner. However, in some cases it is not feasible to remove an object from the field or museum and transport it to the laboratory. In this contributed talk, we present as a manner of a short review, examples of the benefits provided from these techniques in the study of material culture and discuss the initial steps to consider when investigating the feasibility of a compact accelerator that can be taken to sites of cultural significance for PIXE analysis. In particular, we consider the application of a compact, robust 2 MeV proton accelerator that can be taken into the field to perform PIXE measurements on rock art. We detail the main challenges and considerations for such a device.
	Slides TUOZGD1 [7.603 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUOZGD1
About •	Received ※ 09 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 09 July 2022
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TUOZSP3	The European ERL Roadmap	electron, gun, FEL, SRF	831
	A. Hutton JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA M. Klein The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom B.C. Kuske HZB, Berlin, Germany
	Funding: AH supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Nuclear Physics under Contract No. DE-AC05-06OR23177 Following the European Strategy process in 2019, five Roadmap Panels were set up to prepare the technologies needed for future accelerators and colliders: high-field magnets, SRF, muon colliders, plasma wakefield accelerators and Energy Recovery Linacs (ERLs). The ERL Roadmap Panel, consisting of ERL experts from around the world, first developed an overview of current and future ERLs. From this it was possible to carry out a gap analysis to see what R&D would be needed, from which the Roadmap could be developed. The European ERL Roadmap focused on three main aspects: 1) the continuation and development of facility programs for which no additional funds are needed, S-DALINAC in Darmstadt and MESA in Mainz; 2) technology development for room-temperature HOM damping and twin-axis SRF cavities; 3) the timely upgrade of bERLinPro for 100 mA current and the construction of PERLE at Orsay as a dedicated 10 MW power multi-turn facility. The roadmap entails a vision of future energy frontier electron-positron and electron-hadron collider and describes a high quality ERL program for 4.4 K SRF technology at high Q₀. The presentation will address the ERL Roadmap process and result in detail.
	Slides TUOZSP3 [2.868 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUOZSP3
About •	Received ※ 02 June 2022 — Revised ※ 17 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 25 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 29 June 2022
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TUPOST002	Upgrade of the 25 MW RF Station for the Linear Accelerator LINAC2 at ELSA	klystron, electron, monitoring, GUI	838
	D. Proft, K. Desch, D. Elsner, M.T. Switka ELSA, Bonn, Germany
	At the Electron Stretcher Facility ELSA in Bonn the first acceleration stage consists of a 3 GHz traveling wave linear accelerator. It was powered by a 25 MW pulsed high power klystron amplifier, which had been in use for the last thirty years. After a major failure and due to the lack of spare part availability the RF station was rebuilt. In addition to a new klystron including its high voltage tank, the new setup also consists of major upgrades of the infrastructure, the pulse forming network and the safety interlocks to satisfy the contemporary requirements. A new monitoring system consisting of multi-channel sampling ADCs allows for automatic pulse-by-pulse analysis of the klystron parameters and simultaneous evaluation of RF performance and stability. In this contribution we will present the new RF station setup, which has successfully been operating since the beginning of 2021 as well as the new monitoring capabilities.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOST002
About •	Received ※ 04 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 03 July 2022
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TUPOST008	Digital Low-Level RF System for the CERN Linac3 Accelerator	cavity, controls, LLRF, operation	853
	D. Valuch, R. Alemany-Fernández, Y. Brischetto, S.J. Faeroe, G. Piccinini, M.E. Soderen CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	A major consolidation of the aging RF system of the CERN Linac3, the ion source for the whole CERN accelerator chain, started during the Long Shutdown II. The main changes were an upgrade of the analogue Low-Level RF system (LLRF) and replacement of the 350 kW tube amplifiers by a solid-state equivalent. The state-of-the-art digital LLRF system enabled new sophisticated features in field manipulations, significantly increased the operational flexibility and improved operational reliability and availability. The paper presents the new architecture, a low noise master clock generator, digital signal processing with direct sampling of the RF signals, pulse parameter measurement or cavity resonance control.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOST008
About •	Received ※ 27 May 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 15 June 2022
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TUPOST019	Evaluation of PIP-II Master Oscillator Components	proton, controls, SRF, ISOL	892
	I. Rutkowski, K. Czuba, A. Serlat Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Electronic Systems, Warsaw, Poland B.E. Chase, E. Cullerton Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
	Funding: The paper was prepared by WUT and PIP-II, using the resources of Fermilab, a U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, HEP User Facility. Fermilab is acting under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359. The Proton Improvement Plan-II (PIP-II) is a planned proton facility at Fermilab. The short- and long-term beam energy stabilization requirements necessitate using a high-quality Master Oscillator (MO). The consecutive sections of the Linac will operate at 162.5, 325, and 650 MHz. The phase relations between reference signals of harmonic frequencies should be kept constant, and the phase noise should be correlated in a wide bandwidth. The possibility of simultaneously meeting both requirements using popular frequency synthesis schemes is discussed. The ultra-low noise floor of the fundamental source is challenging for other devices in the phase reference distribution system. Therefore, the sensitivity to operating conditions, including impedance matching, input power level, and power supply voltage, must be considered. This paper presents a preliminary performance test of critical components selected for the PIP-II Master Oscillator system performed using a state-of-the-art phase noise analyzer. The paper was prepared by WUT and PIP-II, using the resources of Fermilab, a U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, HEP User Facility. Fermilab is acting under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOST019
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 16 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 23 June 2022
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TUPOST040	Automated Intensity Optimisation Using Reinforcement Learning at LEIR	target, injection, operation, electron	941
	N. Madysa, R. Alemany-Fernández, N. Biancacci, B. Goddard, V. Kain, F.M. Velotti CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	High intensities in the CERN Low Energy Ion Ring (LEIR) are achieved by stacking up to seven consecutive multi-turn injections from Linac3. Two inclined septa combined with a collapsing horizontal orbit bump allow a 6-D phase space painting via a linearly ramped mean momentum along the Linac3 pulse and injection at high dispersion. The beam is cooled and dragged longitudinally via electron cooling (e-cooling) into a stacking momentum. For optimal accumulation, the electron energy and trajectory need to match the ion energy and orbit at the e-cooler section. In this paper, a reinforcement learning (RL) agent is trained to adjust various e-cooler and Linac3 parameters to maximise the intensity at the end of the injection plateau. Variational Auto-Encoders (VAE) are used to compress longitudinal Schottky spectra into a compact representation as input for the RL agent. The RL agent is pre-trained on a surrogate model of the LEIR e-cooling dynamics, which in turn is learned from the data collected for the training of the VAE. The performance of the VAE, the surrogate model, and the RL agent is investigated in this paper. An overview of planned tests in the upcoming LEIR runs is given.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOST040
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 10 July 2022
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TUPOST041	Experience with Computer-Aided Optimizations in LINAC4 and PSB at CERN	MMI, extraction, cavity, beam-losses	945
	P.K. Skowroński, M.A. Fraser, I. Vojskovic CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	Accelerator optimization is routinely performed with the help of computer algorithms that fully automate these tasks. However, their efficiency, speed, and time to implement varies greatly depending on the algorithms used. In LINAC4 some of the automatic optimization routines were programmed using different algorithms to find the most suitable. We present the problems for which the computer algorithms were used and the results of our comparative study.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOST041
About •	Received ※ 09 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 22 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 08 July 2022
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TUPOPT008	An Overview of the T20 Beamline for the LUXE Experiment at the European XFEL	FEL, emittance, experiment, electron	1014
	S.D. Walker, N. Golubeva DESY, Hamburg, Germany
	The Laser Und XFEL Experiment (LUXE) at the EUXFEL aims to explore hitherto unprobed regions of quantum electrodynamics characterised by both high-energy and high-intensity. This will be accomplished by leveraging the electron beam provided by the EUXFEL and an intensely-focussed laser to study electron-photon and photon-photon interactions. The LUXE experiment will be placed in the empty XTD20 tunnel and to this end a new beamline, T20, will need to be installed to deliver one bunch per bunch train to LUXE. The T20 beamline feature a total bend angle of 6.7 degrees, which combined with the very short bunches provided by the EUXFEL raises concerns regarding the deleterious impact of of coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) on the bunch emittances. As the LUXE experiment has specific beam size requirements at its IP, these effects and the limits on the focus must be characterised. In this paper the T20 beamline design and its final focus are outlined. Furthermore, the impact of collective effects on the beam quality at the LUXE IP are discussed, and finally a means to mitigate the impact of these effects and improve the beam quality at the LUXE IP is shown.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOPT008
About •	Received ※ 13 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 19 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 10 July 2022
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TUPOPT037	LCLS Multi-Bunch Improvement Plan: First Results	kicker, FEL, experiment, undulator	1092
	A. Halavanau, A.L. Benwell, T.G. Beukers, L.B. Borzenets, F.-J. Decker, J. Hugyik, A. Ibrahimov, E.N. Jongewaard, A.K. Krasnykh, A.L. Le, K. Luchini, A.A. Lutman, A. Marinelli, M. Petree, A. Romero, A.V. Sy SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
	LCLS copper linac primarily operates in a single bunch mode with a repetition rate of 120 Hz. Presently, several in-house projects and LCLS user experiments require double- and multi-pulse trains of X-rays, with inter-pulse delay spanning between 0.35 and 220 ns. We discuss beam control improvements to the copper linac using ultra-fast stripline kicker, as well as additional photon diagnostics. We especially focus on a case of double-pulse mode, with 218 ns separation.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOPT037
About •	Received ※ 12 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 10 July 2022
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TUPOPT048	bERLinPro Becomes SEALab: Status and Perspective of the Energy Recovery Linac at HZB	SRF, electron, cavity, experiment	1110
	A. Neumann, B. Alberdi-Esuain, T. Birke, P. Echevarria, D. Eichel, F. Falkenstern, R. Fleischhauer, A. Frahm, F. Göbel, A. Heugel, F. Hoffmann, H. Huck, T. Kamps, S. Klauke, G. Klemz, J. Kolbe, J. Kühn, B.C. Kuske, J. Kuszynski, S. Mistry, N. Ohm, H. Ploetz, S. Rotterdam, O. Schappeit, G. Schindhelm, C. Schröder, M. Schuster, H. Stein, E. Suljoti, Y. Tamashevich, M. Tannert, J. Ullrich, A. Ushakov, J. Völker, C. Wang HZB, Berlin, Germany T. Kamps HU Berlin, Berlin, Germany
	Funding: Work supported by German Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, Land Berlin, and grants of Helmholtz Association Since end of the year 2020 the energy recovery linac (ERL) project bERLinPro of Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin has been officially completed. But what is the status of this facility, the next scientific goals in the framework of accelerator physics at HZB, what are the perspectives? To reflect the continuation of this endeavor and the broadening of applications of this machine from high current SRF based energy recovery concept up to an ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) facility producing shortest electron pulses, the facility is now named Sealab, Superconducting RF Electron Accelerator Laboratory. In this contribution, an overview of lessons learned so far, the status of the machine, the coming set up and commissioning steps with an outlook to midterm and future applications will be given. In summary, Sealab will expand, including the ERL application, and become a general accelerator physics and technology test machine to employ UED as a first study case and will also be an ideal testbed to investigate new control schemes based on digital twins or machine learning methods.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOPT048
About •	Received ※ 06 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 03 July 2022
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TUPOPT052	Proposal for Non-Destructive Electron Beam Diagnostic with Laser-Compton Backscattering at the S-Dalinac	photon, electron, laser, scattering	1121
	M.G. Meier, M. Arnold, J. Enders, N. Pietralla TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
	Funding: Work supported in part by the state of Hesse within the research cluster ELEMENTS (project ID 500/10.006) and the LOEWE research cluster Nuclear Photonics and by DFG through GRK 2128 "Accelence" and Inst163/308-1 FUGG. To recover a large fraction of energy from the accelerator process in an energy-recovery linac, experiments, secondary-beam production, and beam diagnostics must be non-destructive and/or, hence, feature a low interaction probability with the very intense electron-beam. Laser-Compton backscattering can provide a quasi-monochromatic highly polarized X-ray to γ-ray beam without strongly affecting the electron beam due to the small recoil and the small Compton cross-section. Highest energies of the scattered photons are obtained for photon-scattering angles of \ang{180}, i. e., backscattering. A project at TU Darmstadt foresees to synchronize a highly repetitive high-power laser with the Superconducting DArmstadt electron LINear ACcelerator S\hbox{-}DALINAC, capable of running in energy recovery mode * to realize a laser-Compton backscattering source with photon beam energy up to §I{180}{\kilo\electronvolt}. The source will be first used as a diagnostic tool for determining and monitoring key electron-parameters, in particular energy and the energy spread at the S\hbox{-}DALINAC operation. Results are foreseen to be used for optimizing the design of laser-Compton backscattering sources at energy-recovery linacs. *M. Arnold et al., Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams 23, 020101(2020)
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOPT052
About •	Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 24 June 2022
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TUPOPT054	Generation of Coherent THz Transition Radiation for Time Domain Spectroscopy at the PBP-CMU Electron Linac Laboratory	radiation, electron, FEM, experiment	1129
	S. Pakluea Chiang Mai University, PBP Research Facility, Chiang Mai, Thailand M. Jitvisate Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand S. Rimjaem, J. Saisut, C. Thongbai Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand S. Rimjaem, J. Saisut, C. Thongbai ThEP Center, Commission on Higher Education, Bangkok, Thailand
	The accelerator system at the PBP-CMU Electron Linac Laboratory is used to generate terahertz transition radiation (THz-TR). Due to broad spectrum, it can be used as the light source for THz time-domain spectroscopy (TDS) to measure both the intensity and phase of the THz signal. This contribution presents the generation of the THz-TR produced from 10-20 MeV electron beams and the system preparation for THz TDS. The electron bunches, which are compressed to have a length of femtosecond scale at the experimental station, is used to generate the THz-TR using a 45°-tilted aluminum foil as a radiator. The radiation properties including angular distribution, polarization and radiation spectrum are measured in the accelerator hall and at the TDS station. The radiation spectral range covers up to 2.3 THz with the peak power of 0.5 - 1.25 MW is expected. The effects of electron bunch distribution, divergence of the beam and influence of optical components on the radiation properties were studied. The results show that the considered effects have a significant impact on the TR properties. The Information will be used in the TR characterization that is needed to be interpreted carefully.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOPT054
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 27 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 04 July 2022
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TUPOTK010	Nitric Acid Soaking after Imperfect Furnace Treatments	cavity, niobium, SRF, radio-frequency	1211
	R. Ghanbari, A. Dangwal Pandey DESY, Hamburg, Germany C. Bate University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany W. Hillert, M. Wenskat University of Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Hamburg, Germany
	Annealings of niobium cavities in UHV or nitrogen atmospheres are crucial for the performance in the later cryogenic tests and operation. Recovery methods for imperfect annealing conditions have been discussed, and a more recent proposal, the so-called "nitric acid soak" has been studied here in detail. It shows surprising recovery potential, albeit the unclear origin of this improvement. We present our investigation on the several potential origins. For this, we used SEM, SIMS and XPS measurements of niobium samples to study the surface morphology and contaminations. We can reject the favored hypothesis on the origin of the improvement, and propose an alternative origin.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOTK010
About •	Received ※ 10 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 18 June 2022
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TUPOTK014	Refurbishment of SRF Cavities and HOM Antenna Coating Studies for the Mainz Energy-Recovering Superconducting Accelerator (MESA)	cavity, cryomodule, HOM, SRF	1226
	P.S. Plattner, F. Hug, T. Stengler KPH, Mainz, Germany
	Funding: The work received funding by BMBF through 05H21UMRB1. The Mainz Energy-Recovering Superconducting Accelerator (MESA) will be a new recirculating accelerator, which can operate in an external beam mode and an energy recovering mode. In the ERL-mode the electrons cross an internal gas-target at MAGIX and give their kinetic energy into the Superconducting Radio Frequency (SRF) system back after experimental use. The MESA cryomodules are based on ELBE-type cryomodules, which contain two 9-cell TESLA/XFEL-type cavities. For any maintenance the clean room infrastructure at the Helmholtz Institute Mainz (HIM) can be used. Currently, a cryomodule from the decommissioned ALICE ERL at Daresbury, UK is in the process of refurbishment. The refurbishment includes an HPR rinse of the cavities suffering from field emission at present and various adjustments of the module for a future use in MESA, which includes adding piezo tuners and new HOM antennas. For the new antennas, different superconducting coatings (Nb₃Sn and NbTiN) will be tested to reach higher critical temperatures in the future for giving the possibility to couple out more HOM power without quenching as the prospected cw beamload lays above 4 mA in MESA ERL operation. Using a superconducting 3 GHz six-cell injector cavity for the S-DALINAC the successful refurbishment of a SRF cavity by applying a high pressure rinse in the clean room infrastructure at HIM was demonstrated the first time. * The authors acknowledge the transfer of one cryomodule to Mainz by STFC Daresbury.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOTK014
About •	Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 18 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 23 June 2022
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TUPOTK022	INFN-LASA for the Fermilab PIP-II	cavity, SRF, controls, site	1249
	R. Paparella, M. Bertucci, M. Bonezzi, A. Bosotti, D. Cardelli, A. D’Ambros, E. Del Core, A.T. Grimaldi, L. Monaco, D. Sertore, G.M. Zaggia INFN/LASA, Segrate (MI), Italy C. Pagani Università degli Studi di Milano & INFN, Segrate, Italy
	The status of INFN-LASA contribution to the PIP-II project at Fermilab is reported in this paper. Experimental results and ongoing activities on prototypes are summarized together with the development of related testing infrastructures. The series production of the 38 5-cell, beta 0.61 cavities designed by INFN-LASA for the LB650 section of the PIP-II linac recently commenced, the status of major procurements and associated activities is here below presented. All cavities will be produced and surface treated in industry to reach the unprecedented performances required, qualified through vertical cold test at qualified infrastructures and delivered as linac-ready at the string assembly site.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOTK022
About •	Received ※ 09 June 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 04 July 2022
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TUPOTK024	Multipacting Simulation on Half-Wave Resonator for 200 MeV Energy Upgrade of Komac Proton Linac	simulation, cavity, multipactoring, electron	1255
	J.J. Dang, H.S. Kim, H.-J. Kwon, S. Lee KOMAC, KAERI, Gyeongju, Republic of Korea
	Funding: This work was supported through KOMAC operation fund of KAERI by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (KAERI-524320-22). A superconducting linac is developed at KOrea Multi-purpose Accelerator Complex (KOMAC) for proton beam energy upgrade from 100 MeV to 200 MeV. The SRF linac consists of thirty-six half-wave resonator (HWR) cavities. 350 MHz, β = 0.56 HWR is designed to provide 3.6 MV accelerating voltage. After a fundamental RF design study, an analysis on a multipacting (MP) of HWR is carried out. The MP simulation for the HWR is performed by using CST Particle Studio. To understand a feature of the MP occurrence in the HWR, a particle-in-cell simulation is conducted while changing various conditions such as an RF amplitude, an RF phase, and an emission surface.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOTK024
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 04 July 2022
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TUPOTK029	Open XAL Status Report 2022	cavity, controls, status, emittance	1271
	A.P. Zhukov, A.M. Hoover, A.P. Shishlo ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA J.F. Esteban Müller, E. Laface, Y. Levinsen, N. Milas ESS, Lund, Sweden
	The Open XAL accelerator physics software platform has been developed through international collaboration among several facilities since 2010. The goal of the collaboration is to establish Open XAL as a multi-purpose software platform supporting a broad range of tool and application development in accelerator physics and high-level control (Open XAL also ships with a suite of general-purpose accelerator applications). This paper discusses progress in beam dynamics simulation and updated application framework along with new generic accelerator physics applications. We present the status of the project at each participating facility and a roadmap for continued development.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOTK029
About •	Received ※ 09 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 29 June 2022
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TUPOTK050	Development of Zynq SoC-Based EPICS IOC for KOMAC Remote Control System	controls, EPICS, Linux, FPGA	1330
	Y.G. Song, S.Y. Cho, J.H. Kim, S.P. Yun KOMAC, KAERI, Gyeongju, Republic of Korea
	Funding: This work was supported by the KOMAC (Korea Multi-purpose Accelerator Complex) operation fund of KAERI by MSIT (Ministry of Science and ICT) The KOMAC proton accelerator consists of a 100 MeV linear accelerator and beam lines for beam services. Devices of various form factors are used as control systems in accelerator control systems and beam diagnosis systems. With the recent upgrade of the control system, a Zynq-based control system has been developed that enables the latest technology and low cost. The Zynq-based DAQ system was developed by adopting Digilent’s Zybo z7 series board and AD7605 analog-to-digital data acquisition system. The Zybo z7 is an embedded software and digital circuit development board built around the Xilinx Zynq-7000 family. The Zynq is based on Xilinx All Programmable System-on-Chip (AP SoC) architecture, which tightly integrates a dual-core ARM Cortex-A9 processor with Xilinx7-series Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) logic. The AD7605 is a 4-channel and 16bit ADC with 300 kSPS on all channels. The Zynq SoC-based DAQ system will be used for beam feedback control and RF signal monitoring at KOMAC. This paper introduces the development of configurations for the development of Zynq-based control systems, programmable Logic (PL) builds, and Linux and EPICS porting.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOTK050
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 10 July 2022
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TUPOTK053	Design Progress of High Efficiency Klystron for CEPC LINAC	klystron, simulation, cavity, gun	1339
	Z.D. Zhang, Y.L. Chi, D. Dong, M. Iqbal, G. Pei, S.C. Wang, O. Xiao, S. Zhang, Z.S. Zhou IHEP, Beijing, People’s Republic of China S. Zhang, Z.D. Zhang UCAS, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
	The injector linear accelerator (LINAC) for the CEPC requires a higher efficiency klystron with 80MW output power than S band 65MW pulsed klys-tron currently operating in LINAC of BEPCII to reduce energy consumption and cost. The efficiency is ex-pected to improve from the currently observed 42% to more than 55% and output power will be improved from 65MW to more than 80MW with same operation voltage. In this paper, BAC bunching method is ap-plied for klystron efficiency improvement. The optimi-zation of the gun and solenoid parameters is complet-ed with 2-D code DGUN and then 3-D code CST. The preliminary design of the cavity parameters is also completed in 1-D disk model based AJDISK code and then further checked by 2-D code EMSYS. Finally, new klystron prototype will be fabricated in Chinese com-pany after design parameters are determined.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOTK053
About •	Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 09 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 17 June 2022
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TUPOTK063	CERN Linac4 Chopper Dump: Operational Experience and Future Upgrades	operation, site, ISOL, radiation	1370
	C.J. Sharp, P. Andreu Muñoz, M. Calviani, G. Costa, L.S. Esposito, R. Franqueira Ximenes, D. Grenier, E. Grenier-Boley, J.R. Hunt, A.M. Krainer, C.Y. Mucher, C. Torregrosa CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	The Chopper Dump in the Linac4 accelerator at CERN is a beam-intercepting device responsible for the absorption of the 3 MeV H⁻ ion beam produced by the Linac4 source and deflected upstream by an electromagnetic chopper. It allows a portion of the beam, which would otherwise fall into the unstable region of the radiofrequency buckets in the Proton Synchrotron Booster, to be dumped at low energy with minimal induced radiation. It may also be used to absorb the entire beam. With peak currents of 25 to 45 mA and shallow penetration, this results in large deposited energy densities, thermal gradients and mechanical stresses. Additional constraints arise from geometric integration, vacuum and radiation protection requirements. Material selection, beam-matter interaction studies and thermo-structural analyses are important aspects of the design process. The Chopper Dump underwent modification in 2019 following observed material degradation in the original version of the device. The experience gained, modifications made and observations noted since then are detailed herein. Against this background, the design and analysis of an upgraded device, intended to cope with future operational conditions, is outlined and discussed.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOTK063
About •	Received ※ 20 May 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 26 June 2022
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TUPOMS003	CLS Operational Status and Future Operational Plans	operation, cavity, storage-ring, booster	1389
	M.J. Boland, F. Le Pimpec CLS, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
	The Canadian Light Source (CLS) has been in operation for users since 2005 and recently commissioned the 22^nd photon beamline. In 2021 the CLS commenced top-up operations at 220 mA, which has been a big success for the user experiments. The storage ring is now RF power limited and will require a second RF cavity to realise the design goal of 500 mA. The 250 MeV electron injector complex for the CLS booster synchrotron ring dates back to the original linac from 1962 and the Saskatchewan Accelerator Laboratory. This paper will give an overview of the present status of the accelerator systems for user operations and the operational improvement plans for a second RF cavity in the storage ring and a new linac.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOMS003
About •	Received ※ 16 June 2022 — Revised ※ 18 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 23 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 28 June 2022
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TUPOMS013	Novel High Repetition Rate CW SRF Linac-Based Multispectral Photon Source	FEL, electron, radiation, undulator	1427
	P.E. Evtushenko HZDR, Dresden, Germany
	We discuss a design of a CW SRF linac-based photon facility for the generation of MIR-THz and VUV pulses at high repetition rates of up to 1 MHz. The MIR-THz sources would cover the frequency range from 0.1 to 30 THz with the pulse energies of a few 100 µJ. The use of the CW SRF linac and the radiation source architecture will allow for high flexibility in the pulse repetition rate. Conventional superradiant THz sources, driven by electron bunches shorter than the radiation wavelength, would cover the wavelength range from 0.1 THz to about 2.5 THz. A different approach is developed to extend the operation of the superradiant undulators well beyond the few THz. For this, a longitudinally modulated electron bunch would be used to achieve significant bunching factors at higher frequencies. The proposed VUV FEL would use the HGHG FEL scheme. It will allow the construction of a unique, fully coherent, high repetition rate source operated with about 30 µJ pulse energy at the first harmonic in the design wavelength range. An FEL oscillator, operating at a wavelength 3-5 times longer than the HGHG system, can generate the seed required for the high repetition rate HGHG scheme.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOMS013
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 16 June 2022
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TUPOMS038	RFQ NEWGAIN: RF and Thermomechanical Design	rfq, cavity, proton, insertion	1510
	P. Hamel, N. Sellami CEA-IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France M.J. Desmons, O. Piquet, B. Prevet CEA-DRF-IRFU, France
	Funding: Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) A new injector called NEWGAIN will be added to the SPIRAL2 Linear Accelerator (LINAC), in parallel with the existing one. It will be mainly composed of an ion source and a Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) connected to the superconductive LINAC of SPIRAL2. The new RFQ will accelerate at 88.05 MHz particles with charge-over-mass ratio (Q/A) between 1/3 and 1/7, from 10 keV/u up to 590 keV/u. It consists of a 4-vane resonant cavity with a total length of 7 m. It is a CW machine that has to show stable operation, provide the request availability, have the minimum losses in order to provide the highest current to the superconductive LINAC and show the best quality/cost ratio. This paper will present the preliminary RF design and the thermomechanical study for this RFQ.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOMS038
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 27 June 2022
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TUPOMS041	High Power RF-Cavity Development for the HBS-Driver LINAC	cavity, heavy-ion, neutron, operation	1516
	M. Basten, K. Aulenbacher, W.A. Barth, C. Burandt, F.D. Dziuba, V. Gettmann, T. Kürzeder, S. Lauber, J. List, M. Miski-Oglu, M. Vossberg, S. Yaramyshev GSI, Darmstadt, Germany K. Aulenbacher, W.A. Barth, M. Basten, C. Burandt, F.D. Dziuba, V. Gettmann, T. Kürzeder, S. Lauber, J. List, M. Miski-Oglu HIM, Mainz, Germany K. Aulenbacher, W.A. Barth, F.D. Dziuba, S. Lauber, J. List KPH, Mainz, Germany T. Gutberlet JCNS, Jülich, Germany H. Podlech IAP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany H. Podlech HFHF, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
	Neutron research in Europe is mainly based on various nuclear reactors that will be successively decommissioned over the next years. This means that despite the commissioning of the European Spallation Source ESS, many neutron research centres, especially in the medium flux regime, will disappear. In response to this situation, the Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) has begun the development of a scalable, compact, accelerator-based High Brilliance neutron Source (HBS). A total of three different neutron target stations are planned, which can be operated with a 100 mA proton beam of up to 70 MeV and a duty cycle of up to 6%. The driver Linac consists of an Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) ion source followed by a LEBT section, a 2.5 MeV double Radio-Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) and 35 normal conducting (NC) Crossbar H-Mode (CH) cavities. The development of the cavities is carried out by the Institute for Applied Physics (IAP) at the Goethe University Frankfurt am Main. Due to the high beam current, all cavities as well as the associated tuners and couplers have to be optimised for operation under high thermal load to ensure safe operation. In collaboration with the GSI Centre for Heavy Ion Research as the ideal test facility for high power tests, two cavities and the associated hardware are being designed and will be tested. The design and latest status of both cavities will be presented in this paper.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOMS041
About •	Received ※ 18 May 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 28 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 06 July 2022
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TUPOMS046	Fabrication and Low-Power Test of Disk-and-Washer Cavity for Muon Acceleration	cavity, experiment, acceleration, dipole	1534
	Y. Takeuchi, J. Tojo Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan E. Cicek, H. Ego, K. Futatsukawa, N. Kawamura, T. Mibe, M. Otani, N. Saito, T. Yamazaki, M. Yoshida KEK, Ibaraki, Japan Y. Iwashita Kyoto University, Research Reactor Institute, Osaka, Japan R. Kitamura, T. Morishita JAEA/J-PARC, Tokai-Mura, Naka-Gun, Ibaraki-Ken, Japan Y. Kondo JAEA, Ibaraki-ken, Japan Y. Nakazawa Ibaraki University, Hitachi, Ibaraki, Japan Y. Sue, K. Sumi, M. Yotsuzuka Nagoya University, Graduate School of Science, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan H.Y. Yasuda University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
	The muon g-2/EDM experiment is under preparation at Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC), and the muon linear accelerator for the experiment is being developed. A Disk-and-Washer (DAW) cavity will be used for the medium-velocity part of the accelerator, and muons will be accelerated from v/c=ß=0.3 to 0.7 with the operating frequency of 1.296 GHz. Machining, brazing, and low-power measurements of a prototype cell reflecting the design of the first tank of DAW were performed to identify fabrication problems. Several problems were identified, such as displacement of washers during brazing, and some measures will be taken in the actual tank fabrication. In this paper, the results of the prototype cell fabrication will be reported.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOMS046
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 23 June 2022
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TUPOMS062	Overall Performance of 26 Power Stations at 400 kW - 352 MHz	cavity, ion-source, radio-frequency, controls	1573
	C. Pasotti, A. Cuttin Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, Italy
	The spoke cavities section of the European Spallation Source (ESS) Linac will be powered by 26 Radio Frequency Power Stations (RFPSs). Each RFPS delivers 400 kW of Radio Frequency (RF) power at 352.21 MHz in pulsed mode at a repetition rate up to 14 Hz and a 5 % duty cycle, thanks to a twin tetrodes RF power sources integration. This equipment belongs to the Italian In-Kind Contributions (IKCs) to ESS. Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A (Elettra) is responsible for the development, manufacturing and commissioning of the RFPSs and is managing the RFPS manufacturing contract awarded to European Science Solutions s.r.l (ESS-It). So far, 24 units have been delivered and, by mid 2022, the entire contribution, plus a complete spare unit, will be delivered to ESS. The overall performance of the RFPSs, the lessons learned, and the optimizations adopted along the manufacturing process and the difficulties that the COVID-19 pandemic has posed along the way are presented in this contribution.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOMS062
About •	Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 16 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 04 July 2022
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WEOXGD2	Electron Accelerator Lattice Design for LHeC with Permanent Magnets	electron, synchrotron, synchrotron-radiation, radiation	1587
	D. Trbojevic, J.S. Berg, S.J. Brooks BNL, Upton, New York, USA S.A. Bogacz JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA G.H. Hoffstaetter Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA
	Funding: Work performed under the Contract Number DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the auspices of US Department of Energy We present a new ’green energy’ approach to the Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) the future Electron Ion Collider at LHeC using single beam line made of very strong focusing combined function permanent magnets and the Fixed Field Alternating Linear Gradient (FFA-LG) principle. We are basing our design on recent very successful commissioning results of the Cornell University and Brookhaven National Laboratory ERL Test Accelerator-CBETA.
	Slides WEOXGD2 [19.845 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEOXGD2
About •	Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 02 July 2022
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WEOYSP2	First Electron Beam of the ThomX Project	gun, HOM, electron, emittance	1632
	C. Bruni, M. Alkadi, J-N. Cayla, I. Chaikovska, S. Chancé, V. Chaumat, O. Dalifard, N. Delerue, K. Dupraz, M. El Khaldi, N. ElKamchi, E.E. Ergenlik, P. Gauron, A. Gonnin, E. Goutierre, H. Guler, M. Jacquet, V. Kubytskyi, P. Lepercq, F. Letellier-Cohen, J.C. Marrucho, B. Mercier, E. Mistretta, H. Monard, A. Moutardier, M. Omeich, V. Soskov, F. Wicek Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France
	Funding: The present work is financed by the French National Research Agency (ANR) under the Equipex program ANR-10-EQPX-0051. The ThomX accelerator beam commissioning phase is now ongoing. The 50 MeV electron accelerator complex consists of a 50 MeV linear accelerator and a pulsed mode ring. It is dedicated to the production of X-rays by Compton backscattering. The performance of the beam at the interaction point is demanding in terms of emittance, charge, energy spread and transverse size. The choice of an undamped ring in pulsed mode also stresses the performance of the beam from the linear accelerator. Thus, commissioning includes a beam based alignment and a simulation/experimental matching procedure to reach the X-ray beam requirements. We will present the first 50 MeV electron beam obtained with ThomX and its characteristics. on behalf of the ThomX collaboration : ThomX collaboration, https://thomx.ijclab.in2p3. fr/collaboration-thomx/, [Online; accessed 19-May- 2022].
	Slides WEOYSP2 [80.558 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEOYSP2
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 21 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 04 July 2022 — Issue date ※ 06 July 2022
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WEPOPT023	A Design of ILC E-Driven Positron Source	positron, cavity, electron, acceleration	1889
	M. Kuriki, S. Konno, Z.J. Liptak HU/AdSM, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan M.K. Fukuda, T. Omori, Y. Seimiya, J. Urakawa, K. Yokoya KEK, Ibaraki, Japan S. Kashiwagi Tohoku University, Research Center for Electron Photon Science, Sendai, Japan H. Tajino HU ADSE, Hiroshima, Japan T. Takahashi Hiroshima University, Graduate School of Science, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
	ILC is an electron-positron linear collider based on Superconducting linear accelerator. Linear collider is an only solution to realinze high energy electron-positron collision beyond the limit of synchrotron radiation energy loss by ring colliders. Beam current of injector of linear colliders is much larger than that of ring colliders because the beam is not reusable. Providing an enough amount of particles, especially positron is a technical issue. In this article, we present a design of electron driven positron source for ILC. After optimizations, the system design is established with an enough technical margin, e.g. avoiding potential damage on the production target.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOPT023
About •	Received ※ 20 May 2022 — Revised ※ 11 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 23 June 2022
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WEPOPT055	Linac3, LEIR and PS Performance with Ions in 2021 and Prospects for 2022	operation, LLRF, cavity, injection	1983
	N. Biancacci, S.C.P. Albright, R. Alemany-Fernández, D. Alves, M.E. Angoletta, D. Barrientos, H. Bartosik, G. Bellodi, S.B. Bertolo, D. Bodart, M. Bozzolan, H. Damerau, F.D.L. Di Lorenzo, A. Frassier, D. Gamba, A. Huschauer, S. Jensen, V. Kain, T. Koevener, G. Kotzian, D. Küchler, A. Lasheen, G. Le Godec, T.E. Levens, N. Madysa, E. Mahner, O. Marqversen, C.M. Mastrostefano, P.D. Meruga, C. Mutin, M. O’Neil, G. Piccinini, R. Scrivens, P.S. Solvang, D. Valuch, F.M. Velotti, R. Wegner, C. Wetton, M. Zampetakis CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	CERN accelerators underwent a period of long shutdown from the end of 2018 to 2020. During this time frame, significant hardware and software upgrades have been put in place to increase the performance of both proton and ion accelerator chains in the High Luminosity LHC era. In the context of the CERN lead ion chain, 2021 has been mainly devoted to restore the injectors’ performance and to successfully prove the slip-stacking technique in SPS. In this paper we summarise the key milestones of the ion beam commissioning and the achieved beam performance for the Linac 3 (including the source), LEIR and PS accelerators, together with an outlook on 2022 operation.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOPT055
About •	Received ※ 03 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 17 June 2022
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WEPOPT062	Optimisation of the FCC-ee Positron Source Using a HTS Solenoid Matching Device	positron, solenoid, target, simulation	2003
	Y. Zhao, S. Döbert, A. Latina, S. Ogur CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland B. Auchmann, P. Craievich, J. Kosse, R. Zennaro PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland I. Chaikovska, R. Chehab Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France M. Duda IFJ-PAN, Kraków, Poland P.V. Martyshkin BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
	In this paper, we present the simulation and optimisation of the FCC-ee positron source, where a high-temperature superconducting (HTS) solenoid is used as the matching device to collect positrons from the target. The "conventional" target scheme is used which simply consists of amorphous tungsten. The target is placed inside the bore of the HTS solenoid to improve the accepted positron yield at the entrance of the damping ring and the location of the target is optimised. The latest recommended baseline beam parameters are used and presented. An optimisation of the ideal positron yield using the analytic SC solenoid on-axis field is also performed and shows that the design of the HTS solenoid is optimal as far as the accepted positron yield is concerned.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOPT062
About •	Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 16 June 2022
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WEPOPT063	The FCCee Pre-Injector Complex	positron, electron, injection, collider	2007
	P. Craievich, B. Auchmann, S. Bettoni, H.-H. Braun, M. Duda, D. Hauenstein, E. Hohmann, R. Ischebeck, P.N. Juranič, J. Kosse, G.L. Orlandi, M. Pedrozzi, J.-Y. Raguin, S. Reiche, S.T. Sanfilippo, M. Schaer, N. Vallis, R. Zennaro PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland F. Alharthi, I. Chaikovska, S. Ogur Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France W. Bartmann, M. Benedikt, M.I. Besana, M. Calviani, S. Döbert, Y. Dutheil, O. Etisken, J.L. Grenard, A. Grudiev, B. Humann, A. Latina, A. Lechner, K. Oide, A. Perillo-Marcone, H.W. Pommerenke, R.L. Ramjiawan, Y. Zhao, F. Zimmermann CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland A. De Santis INFN/LNF, Frascati, Italy Y. Enomoto, K. Furukawa, K. Oide KEK, Ibaraki, Japan O. Etisken Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey C. Milardi LNF-INFN, Frascati, Italy T.O. Raubenheimer SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA N. Vallis EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
	The international FCC study group published in 2019 a Conceptual Design Report for an electron-positron collider with a centre-of-mass energy from 90 to 365 GeV with a beam currents of up to 1.4 A per beam. The high beam current of this collider create challenging requirements on the injection chain and all aspects of the linac need to be carefully reconsidered and revisited, including the injection time structure. The entire beam dynamics studies for the full linac, damping ring and transfer lines are major activities of the injector complex design. A key point is that any increase of positron production and capture efficiency reduces the cost and complexity of the driver linac, the heat and radiation load of the converter system, and increases the operational margin. In this paper we will give an overview of the status of the injector complex design and introduce the new layout that has been proposed by the study group working in the context of the CHART collaboration. In this framework, furthermore, we also present the preliminary studies of the FCC-ee positron source highlighting the main requirements and constraints.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOPT063
About •	Received ※ 11 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 29 June 2022
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WEPOTK036	Progress on Electron Beam Optimization for FLASH Radiotherapy Experiment at Chiang Mai University	electron, simulation, experiment, radiation	2146
	K. Kongmali, P. Apiwattanakul, S. Rimjaem, J. Saisut, C. Thongbai Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand P. Apiwattanakul, N. Kangrang Chiang Mai University, PBP Research Facility, Chiang Mai, Thailand M. Jitvisate Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand P. Lithanatudom IST, Chiang Mai, Thailand
	At present, one of diseases that kills many people worldwide is cancer. The FLASH radiotherapy (RT) is a promising cancer treatment under study. It involves the fast delivery of RT at much higher dose rates than those currently used in clinical practice. The very short time of exposure leads to the destruction of the cancer cells, while the nearby normal cells are less damaged as compared with conventional RT. This work focuses on study of FLASH-RT experiment using electron beams produced from the accelerator system at the PBP-CMU Electron Linac Laboratory. The structure and properties of our electron pulses with microbunches in picosecond time scale and macropulses in microsecond time scale match well to FLASH-RT requirement. To optimize the condition for experiment, the electron beam simulations are performed by varying energy, charge and bunch length. The 25 MeV electrons energy before hitting the window for 50 and 100 pC bunch length have a bunch length of 1.16 and 1.97 ps. The transverse rms beam sizes of 50 pC and 100 pC bunch charges have the differences between ASTRA and GEANT4 from 7.90 % to 34.0 %. The optimized electron beam properties from this study will be used as the guideline for further simulation and experiment preparation.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOTK036
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 20 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 22 June 2022
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WEPOMS016	On the (Apparent) Paradox between Space-Charge Forces and Space-Charge Effects	space-charge, emittance, focusing, rfq	2268
	P.A.P. Nghiem CEA-IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
	With the advent of high-intensity linacs, space charge forces are now well known as a major issue causing undesirable effects on particle beam qualities like emittance growth or sudden losses. They should be stronger when there are more particles or when the latter are contained in a smaller volume. But a detailed examination of the beam along an accelerator show that space charge effects are weaker where the beam size is smaller. This article clarifies this paradox and revisits the recommendations on beam sizes in view of mitigating space charge effects.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOMS016
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 16 June 2022
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WEPOMS023	Optimization Studies of Simulated THz Radiation at FLUTE	electron, radiation, simulation, synchrotron	2292
	C. Xu, E. Bründermann, A.-S. Müller, A. Santamaria Garcia, J. Schäfer, M. Schwarz KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany
	Funding: Supported by the Helmholtz Association (Autonomous Accelerator, ZT-I-PF-5-6) and the DFG-funded Doctoral School "Karlsruhe School of Elementary and Astroparticle Physics: Science and Technology". The linac-based test facility FLUTE (Ferninfrarot Linac Und Test Experiment) at KIT will be used to study novel accelerator technology and provide intense THz pulses. In this paper, we present start-to-end simulation studies of FLUTE with different bunch charges. We employ a parallel Bayesian optimization algorithm for different bunch charges of FLUTE to find optimized accelerator settings for the generation of intense THz radiation.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOMS023
About •	Received ※ 20 May 2022 — Accepted ※ 21 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 10 July 2022
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WEPOMS024	Present Status of the Injector at the Compact ERL at KEK	FEL, gun, emittance, operation	2296
	O.A. Tanaka, T. Miyajima, T. Tanikawa KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
	The Compact ERL at KEK is a test accelerator to develop ERL technologies and their possible applications. The first target of injector operation to demonstrate IR-FEL was to generate high bunch charge electron beams with low longitudinal emittance and short bunch length. In 2020, the injector was operated with the bunch charge of 60 pC, the DC gun voltage of 480 kV, the injector energy of 5 MeV and the bunch length of 2 ps rms, and the required beam quality for the IR-FEL has been achieved for a single-pass operation mode. The next target is to demonstrate IR-FEL generation for recirculation mode. The injector energy is decreased to 3.5 MeV due to a limitation of the energy ratio between injection and recirculation beams. Moreover, the DC gun voltage decreases to 390 kV due to the troubles of the DC gun. Therefore, control of the space charge effect is more important to design and optimize the beam transport condition of the injector. In this report, a strategy of the injector optimization together with its realization results and future prospects are summarized.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOMS024
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 11 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 19 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 21 June 2022
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WEPOMS042	The HOMEN Model: An Estimator of High Order Modes Evolution in an Energy Recovery Linac	cavity, HOM, electron, acceleration	2342
	S. Samsam, A. Bacci, V. Petrillo, M. Rossetti Conti, A.R. Rossi, M. Ruijter, L. Serafini INFN-Milano, Milano, Italy A. Bosotti, R. Paparella, D. Sertore INFN/LASA, Segrate (MI), Italy M.R. Masullo, A. Passarelli INFN-Napoli, Napoli, Italy M. Opromolla Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
	Energy recovery linacs represent the new frontier of energy sustainability in the field of particle accelerators while providing remarkable performance in terms of high average current and average brightness. Operating superconducting radio-frequency cavities in continuous wave makes high repetition rates (GHz-class) affordable and allows the construction of light sources such as FEL or Compton based characterized by high flux. \ This study originates in the context of the design study of BriXSinO, an ERL based on the two-pass two-way scheme à la Maury Tigner in which the cavities are traveled by the beam in both directions, the first time in the accelerating phase and the second time in the decelerating phase. HOMEN was conceived as a model to simulate the evolution of high order modes on long time scales in high Q cavities of machines of this kind and monitor their effects on the beam.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOMS042
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 21 June 2022
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WEPOMS045	Modeling and Mitigation of Long-Range Wakefields for Advanced Linear Colliders	wakefield, HOM, collider, dipole	2350
	F. Bosco, M. Carillo, L. Giuliano, M. Migliorati, A. Mostacci, L. Palumbo Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy O. Camacho, A. Fukasawa, N. Majernik, J.B. Rosenzweig UCLA, Los Angeles, USA E. Chiadroni, B. Spataro, C. Vaccarezza LNF-INFN, Frascati, Italy L. Faillace, A. Giribono INFN/LNF, Frascati, Italy
	Funding: This work is supported by DARPA under Contract N.HR001120C0072, by DOE Contract DE-SC0009914 and DE-SC0020409, by the National Science Foundation Grant N.PHY-1549132 and by INFN. The luminosity requirements of TeV-class linear colliders demand use of intense charged beams at high repetition rates. Such features imply multi-bunch operation with long current trains accelerated over the km length scale. Consequently, particle beams are exposed to the mutual parasitic interaction due to the long-range wakefields excited by the leading bunches in the accelerating structures. Such perturbations to the motion induce transverse oscillations of the bunches, potentially leading to instabilities such as transverse beam break-up. Here we present a dedicated tracking code that studies the effects of long-range transverse wakefield interaction among different bunches in linear accelerators. Being described by means of an efficient matrix formalism, such effects can be included while preserving short computational times. As a reference case, we use our code to investigate the performance of a state-of-the-art linear collider currently under design and, in addition, we discuss possible mitigation techniques based on frequency detuning and damping.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOMS045
About •	Received ※ 20 May 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 10 July 2022
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THOXGD3	Commissioning Status of the RAON Superconducting Accelerator	cryomodule, MMI, quadrupole, rfq	2399
	H.J. Kim, Y.J. Choi, Y.S. Chung, J. Heo, I.S. Hong, J.-H. Jang, D. Jeon, H. Jin, G.D. Kim, Y.H. Kim, J.W. Kwon, S. Lee, B.-S. Park, M.J. Park, C.W. Son IBS, Daejeon, Republic of Korea D.M. Kim KUS, Sejong, Republic of Korea E.H. Lim Korea University Sejong Campus, Sejong, Republic of Korea S.H. Moon UNIST, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
	The Rare isotope Accelerator Complex for ON-line experiments (RAON) has been proposed as a multi-purpose accelerator facility for providing beams of exotic rare isotopes of various energies. It can deliver ions from hydrogen (proton) to uranium. Protons and uranium ions are accelerated up to 600 MeV and 200 MeV/u respectively. It can provide various rare isotope beams which are produced by isotope separator on-line system. The RAON injector was successfully commissioned in 2021 to study the initial beam parameters from the main technical systems, such as the ECR ion source and RFQ, and to find the optimized LEBT and MEBT setpoints and matching conditions. In this paper, we present the current commissioning status of the RAON injector in preparation for the upcoming SCL3 beam commissioning.
	Slides THOXGD3 [6.508 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THOXGD3
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 15 June 2022
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THOXSP2	Brixsino High-Flux Dual X-Ray and THz Radiation Source Based on Energy Recovery Linacs	electron, cavity, laser, radiation	2407
	I. Drebot, F. Canella, S. Cialdi, M. Giammarchi, D. Giannotti, S. Latorre, C. Meroni, M. Rossetti Conti, A.R. Rossi, M. Ruijter, S. Samsam, L. Serafini, V. Torri INFN-Milano, Milano, Italy M.P. Abbracchio, S. Altilia, B. Paroli, A. Vanzulli Universita’ degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy A. Andreone, G.P. Papari Naples University Federico II, Napoli, Italy A. Bacci, M. Bertucci, A. Bosotti, F. Broggi, D. Giove, P. Michelato, L. Monaco, R. Paparella, L. Rossi, D. Sertore, M. Statera INFN/LASA, Segrate (MI), Italy R. Calandrino, A. Delvecchio HSP, Milan, Italy S. Capra, D. Cipriani, C. Lenardi, M. Opromolla, E. Suerra, A. Torresin Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy P. Cardarelli, G. Paternò, A. Taibi INFN-Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy M. Citterio Universita’ degli Studi di Milano e INFN, Milano, Italy A. Esposito LNF-INFN, Frascati, Italy R. Ferragut, G. Galzerano POLIMI, Milano, Italy C. Koral, M.R. Masullo, A. Passarelli INFN-Napoli, Napoli, Italy Z. Mazaheri, G. Mettivier, P. Russo UniNa, Napoli, Italy C. Pagani Università degli Studi di Milano & INFN, Segrate, Italy P. Paparo CNR-ISASI, Pozzuoi, Italy V. Petrillo, F. Prelz, M. Sorbi Universita’ degli Studi di Milano & INFN, Milano, Italy B. Piccirillo, A. Rubano Naples University Federico II and INFN, Napoli, Italy E. Puppin Politecnico/Milano, Milano, Italy
	We present the conceptual design of a compact light source named BriXSinO. BriXSinO was born as demonstrator of the Marix project, but it is also a dual high flux radiation source Inverse Compton Source (ICS) of X-ray and Free-Electron Laser of THz spectral range radiation conceived for medical applications and general applied research. The accelerator is a push-pull CW-SC Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) based on superconducting cavities technology and allows to sustain MW-class beam power with almost just one hundred kW active power dissipation/consumption. ICS line produces 33 keV monochromatic X-Rays via Compton scattering of the electron beam with a laser system in Fabry-Pérot cavity at a repetition rate of 100 MHz. The THz FEL oscillator is based on an undulator imbedded in optical cavity and generates THz wavelengths from 15 to 50 micron.
	Slides THOXSP2 [19.118 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THOXSP2
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 16 June 2022
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THPOST008	Status of the FLUTE RF System Upgrade	electron, GUI, solenoid, storage-ring	2452
	A. Malygin, O. Manzhura, A.-S. Müller, R. Ruprecht, M. Schuh, N.J. Smale KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany
	FLUTE (Ferninfrarot Linac- Und Test-Experiment) is a compact versatile linac-based accelerator test facility at KIT. Its main goal is to serve as a platform for a variety of accelerator studies and to generate strong ultra-short THz pulses for photon science. It will also serve as an injector for a Very Large Acceptance compact Storage Ring (VLA-cSR), which will be realized at KIT in the framework of the compact STorage Ring for Accelerator Research and Technology (cSTART) project. To achieve acceleration of electrons in the RF photoinjector and LINAC (from FLUTE) with high stability, it is necessary to provide stable RF power. For this goal, an upgrade of the existing RF system design has been proposed and is currently being implemented. This contribution will report on the updated RF system design and the commissioning status of the new RF system components.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOST008
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 17 June 2022
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THPOST010	The Frascati DAΦNE LINAC and the Beam Test Facility (BTF) Setups for Irradiation	radiation, electron, operation, diagnostics	2457
	C. Di Giulio, F. Cardelli, D. Di Giovenale INFN/LNF, Frascati, Italy B. Buonomo, L.G. Foggetta, D. Moriggi LNF-INFN, Frascati, Italy

Paper

Title

Other Keywords

Page

MOPOST007

Summary of the First Fully Operational Run of LINAC4 at CERN

MMI, operation, cavity, injection

58

P.K. Skowroński, G. Bellodi, B. Bielawski, R.B. Borner, G.P. Di Giovanni, E. Gousiou, J.-B. Lallement, A.M. Lombardi, B. Mikulec, J. Parra-Lopez, F. Roncarolo, J.L. Sanchez Alvarez, R. Scrivens, L. Timeo, R. Wegner
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

In December 2020 the newly commissioned LINAC4 started delivering beam for the CERN proton accelerator chain, replacing the old LINAC2. LINAC4 is a 352 MHz normal conducting linac, providing a beam of negative hydrogen ions at 160 MeV that are converted into protons at injection into the PS Booster synchrotron. In this paper we report on the achieved beam performance, availability, reproducibility and other operational aspects of LINAC4 during its first fully operational year. We also present the machine developments performed and the plans for future improvements.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOST007

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Received ※ 09 June 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 04 July 2022

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MOPOST010

Deuteron Beam Power Ramp-Up at SPIRAL2

MEBT, cavity, MMI, LEBT

70

A.K. Orduz, M. Di Giacomo, R. Ferdinand, J.-M. Lagniel, G. Normand
GANIL, Caen, France
D.U. Uriot
CEA-IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

The SPIRAL2 linac commissioning started on 8 July 2019 after obtaining the authorisation to operate by the French Safety Authority. The tuning of the two Low Energy Beam Transport (LEBT), Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ), Medium Energy Beam Transport (MEBT), Superconducting (SC) linac and High Energy Beam Transport (HEBT) was done with H⁺, 4He2+ and D⁺ beams during three periods of six months each in 2019, 2020 and 2021. The results obtained in 2021 with a D⁺ beam are presented. The strategy for the tuning of the MEBT, including three rebunchers, is described. The comparison between the beam parameter measurements and reference simulations are also presented. The main results of the power ramp-up to 10 kW in the linac with a 5 mA D⁺ beam are next reported. Finally, the extrapolation from the nominal power (200 kW) to the obtained results is analysed.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOST010

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 18 June 2022

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MOPOST011

CEA Contribution to the PIP-II Linear Accelerator

cryomodule, cavity, SRF, vacuum

74

N. Bazin, J. Belorgey, S. Berry, J. Drant, O. Napoly, A. Raut, P. Sahuquet, C. Simon
CEA-DRF-IRFU, France
S. Arsenyev, Q. Bertrand, P. Brédy, E. Cenni, C. Cloué, R. Cubizolles, H. Jenhani, S. Ladegaillerie, A. Le Baut, A. Moreau, O. Piquet
CEA-IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
O. Napoly
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA

The Proton Improvement Plan II (PIP-II) that will be installed at Fermilab is the first U.S. accelerator project that will have significant contributions from international partners. CEA joined the international collaboration in 2018, and will deliver 10 low-beta cryomodules as In-Kind Contribution to the PIP-II project, with cavities supplied by LASA-INFN and power couplers and tuning systems supplied by Fermilab. This paper presents the CEA scope of work that includes the design, manufacturing, assembly and tests of the cryomodules and the upgrade of the existing infrastructures to the PIP-II requirements.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOST011

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Received ※ 13 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 25 June 2022

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MOPOST014

The 325 MHz FAIR pLinac Ladder RFQ - Final Assembly for Commissioning

rfq, proton, coupling, vacuum

82

M. Schuett, U. Ratzinger
IAP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
C.M. Kleffner, K. Knie
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany

Based on the positive results of the unmodulated 325 MHz Ladder-RFQ prototype from 2013 to 2016, we developed and designed a modulated 3.4 m Ladder-RFQ*. The Ladder-RFQ features a very constant voltage along the axis as well as low dipole modes. The unmodulated prototype accepted 3 times the operating power of which is needed in operation** corresponding to a Kilpatrick factor of 3.1 with a pulse length of 200 µs. The 325 MHz RFQ is designed to accelerate protons from 95 keV to 3.0 MeV according to the design parameters of the proton linac within the FAIR project***. This particular high frequency for a 4-ROD-RFQ creates difficulties, which triggered the development of a Ladder-RFQ with its high symmetry. The results of the unmodulated prototype have shown, that the Ladder-RFQ is very well suited for that frequency. For the applied cooling concept, the Ladder-RFQ can be driven up to a duty factor of 10%. Manufacturing has been completed in September 2018. The final flatness & frequency tuning as well as the final assembly have been completed. We present the final RF measurements and assembly steps getting the Ladder-RFQ ready for shipment and high power RF test prior to assembly.
*Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 874 (2017) 012048
**Proceedings of LINAC2016, East Lansing, TUPLR053
***Proceedings of LINAC20118, pp.787-789

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOST014

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Received ※ 12 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 05 July 2022

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MOPOST015

Beam Dynamics Simulations for the Superconducting HELIAC CW Linac at GSI

cavity, heavy-ion, SRF, cryomodule

86

M. Schwarz, T. Conrad, H. Podlech
IAP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
K. Aulenbacher, F.D. Dziuba, S. Lauber, J. List
IKP, Mainz, Germany
K. Aulenbacher, W.A. Barth, M. Basten, C. Burandt, F.D. Dziuba, V. Gettmann, T. Kürzeder, S. Lauber, J. List, M. Miski-Oglu, S. Yaramyshev
HIM, Mainz, Germany
K. Aulenbacher, W.A. Barth, M. Basten, C. Burandt, F.D. Dziuba, V. Gettmann, M. Heilmann, T. Kürzeder, S. Lauber, J. List, M. Miski-Oglu, A. Rubin, S. Yaramyshev
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
W.A. Barth
KPH, Mainz, Germany
H. Podlech
HFHF, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Funding: Work supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, contract no. 05P21RFRB2)
The superconducting (SC) continuous wave (CW) heavy ion linac HELIAC (HElm\-holtz LInear ACcelerator) is a common project of GSI and HIM under key support of IAP Frankfurt. It is intended for future experiments with heavy ions near the Coulomb barrier within super-heavy element (SHE) research and aims at developing a linac with multiple CH cavities as key components downstream the High Charge State Injector (HLI) at GSI. The design is challenging due to the requirement of intense beams in CW mode up to a mass-to-charge ratio of 6, while covering a broad output energy range from 3.5 to 7.3 MeV/u with minimum energy spread. In 2017 the first superconducting cavity of the linac has been successfully commissioned and extensively tested with beam at GSI. In the light of experience gained in this research so far, the beam dynamics layout for the entire linac has been updated and optimized in the meantime. This contribution will provide a brief overview of the recent progress on the project, as well as a potential modification to the linac layout.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOST015

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 09 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 03 July 2022 — Issue date ※ 10 July 2022

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MOPOST016

Proton Linac Design for the High Brilliance Neutron Source HBS

cavity, rfq, neutron, proton

90

M. Schwarz, M. Droba, K. Kümpel, S. Lamprecht, O. Meusel, N.F. Petry, H. Podlech
IAP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
J. Baggemann, Th. Brückel, T. Gutberlet, E. Mauerhofer, U. Rücker, A. Schwab, P. Zakalek
JCNS, Jülich, Germany
J. Li
IEK, Jülich, Germany
C. Zhang
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany

Due to the decommissioning of several reactors, only about half of the neutrons will be available for research in Europe in the next decade despite the commissioning of the ESS. High-Current Accelerator-driven Neutron Sources (HiCANS) could fill this gap. The High Brilliance Neutron Source (HBS) currently under development at Forschungszentrum Jülich is scalable in terms of beam energy and power due to its modular design. The driver linac will accelerate a 100 mA proton beam to 70 MeV. The linac is operated with a beam duty cycle of up to 13.6 % (15.3 % RF duty cycle) and can simultaneously deliver three pulse lengths (208 µs, 833 µs and 2 ms) for three neutron target stations. In order to minimize the development effort and the technological risk, state-of-the-art technology of the MYRRHA injector is used. The HBS linac consists of a front end (ECR source, LEBT, 2.5 MeV double RFQ) and a CH-DTL section with 44 room temperature CH-cavities. All RF structures are operated at 176.1 MHz and are designed for high duty cycle. Solid-state amplifiers up to 500 kW are used as RF drivers. Due to the beam current and the high average beam power of up to 952 kW, particular attention is paid to beam dynamics. In order to minimize beam losses, a quasi-periodic lattice with constant negative phase is used. This paper describes the conceptual design and the challenges of a modern high-power and high-current proton accelerator with high reliability and availability.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOST016

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 09 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 11 July 2022

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MOPOST017

Design and Beam Dynamics Study of Disk-Loaded Structure for Muon Linac

acceleration, emittance, accelerating-gradient, lattice

94

K. Sumi, T. Iijima, K. Inami, Y. Sue, M. Yotsuzuka
Nagoya University, Graduate School of Science, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
H. Ego, T. Mibe, N. Saito, M. Yoshida
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
T. Iijima
KMI, Nagoya, AIchi Prefecture, Japan
Y. Kondo, K. Moriya
JAEA/J-PARC, Tokai-mura, Japan
Y. Nakazawa
Ibaraki University, Hitachi, Ibaraki, Japan
M. Otani
J-PARC, KEK & JAEA, Ibaraki-ken, Japan
Y. Takeuchi
Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
H.Y. Yasuda
University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

The disk-loaded structures (DLS) in the muon LINAC are under development for the J-PARC muon g-2/EDM experiment. Four DLSs with an accelerating gradient of 20 MV/m take charge of muon acceleration from 40 MeV to 212 MeV, which corresponds to 70% to 94% of the speed of light. The quasi-constant gradient type TM01-2pi/3 mode DLSs with gradually varying disk spacing was designed and confirmed that the cumulative phase slip due to the mismatch between muon and phase velocity can be suppressed to less than 2 degrees at the frequency of 2592 MHz. In addition, the optimum synchronous phase and the lattice were investigated to satisfy the requirements of the total emittance less than 1.5 pi mm mrad and the momentum spread less than 0.1% in RMS.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOST017

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Received ※ 19 May 2022 — Revised ※ 09 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 20 June 2022

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MOPOST020

In-Kind Contributions: The PIP-II Project at Fermilab

controls, framework, alignment, proton

98

L. Lari, L. Merminga, A.M. Rowe
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA

Funding: Work supported, in part, by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics, under U.S. DOE Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359.
The Proton Improvement Plan II (PIP-II) Project is the first U.S. accelerator project that has significant contributions from international partners. A project management framework was created to fully integrate and make consistent across all partners the design, development, and delivery of In-Kind Contributions (IKC) into PIP-II. This framework consists of planning documentation, procedures, and communication and assessment processes to control schedule, risk, quality, and technical integration over the lifetime of the project. The purpose of this paper is to present the PIP-II IKC model put in place to properly integrate the IKC deliverables into the PIP-II Linac and share experience and lessons learned from its early implementation.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOST020

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 21 June 2022

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MOPOST021

ReAccelerator Upgrade, Commissioning and First Experiments at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory (NSCL) / Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB)

cryomodule, experiment, MMI, ion-source

101

A.C.C. Villari, G. Bollen, K.D. Davidson, K. Fukushima, A.I. Henriques, K. Holland, S.H. Kim, A. Lapierre, T. Maruta, D.G. Morris, S. Nash, P.N. Ostroumov, A.S. Plastun, J. Priller, B.M. Sherrill, R. Walker, T. Zhang, Q. Zhao
FRIB, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
B. Arend, D.B. Crisp, D.J. Morrissey, M. Steiner
NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan, USA

Funding: Work supported by the NSF under grant PHY15-65546 and DOE-SC under award number DE-SC0000661
The reaccelerator ReA is a state-of-the-art super-conducting linac for reaccelerating rare isotope beams produced via inflight fragmentation or fission and subse-quent beam stopping. ReA was subject of an upgrade that increased its final beam energy from 3 MeV/u to 6 MeV/u for ions with charge over mass equal to 1/4. The upgrade included a new room-temperature rebuncher after the first section of acceleration, a new β = 0.085 QWR cryomodule and two new beamlines in a new ex-perimental vault. During commissioning, beams were accelerated with near 100 percent transport efficiency through the linac and delivered through beam transport lines. Measured beam characteristics match those calcu-lated. Following commissioning, stable and long living rare isotope beams from a Batch Mode Ion Source (BMIS) were accelerated and delivered to experiments. This con-tribution will briefly describe the upgrade, and results from beam commissioning and beam delivery for experi-ments.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOST021

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 21 June 2022

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MOPOST035

Operational Experience and Performance of the REX/HIE-ISOLDE Linac

ISOL, experiment, operation, MMI

140

J.A. Rodriguez, N. Bidault, E. Fadakis, P. Fernier, M.L. Lozano, S. Mataguez, E. Piselli, E. Siesling
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

Located at CERN, ISOLDE is one of the world’s lead-ing research facilities in the field of nuclear science. Radioactive Ion Beams (RIBs) are produced when 1.4 GeV protons transferred from the Proton Synchrotron Booster (PSB) to the facility impinge on one of the two available targets. The RIB of interest is extracted, mass-separated and transported to one of the experimental stations, either directly, or after being accelerated in the REX/HIE-ISOLDE post-accelerator. In addition to a Penning trap (REXTRAP) to accumulate and transversely cool the beam and a charge breeder (REXEBIS) to boost the charge state of the ions, the post-accelerator includes a linac with both room temperature (REX linac) and superconducting (HIE-ISOLDE linac) sections followed by three HEBT lines to deliver the beam to the different experimental stations. The latest upgrades of the facility as well as a comprehensive list of the RIBs delivered to the users of the facility and the operational experience gained during the last physics campaigns will be presented in this contribution.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOST035

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 21 June 2022

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MOPOST038

Excitation of the σ_l_l = 90° Resonance by the Cavity RF Accelerating Fields

resonance, focusing, space-charge, cavity

152

J.-M. Lagniel
GANIL, Caen, France

In RF linacs the longitudinal focusing is done by nonlinear forces and at high accelerating fields the zero-current longitudinal phase advance per longitudinal focusing period σ₀l_l can be high. The nonlinear components of the RF field (sextupolar, octupolar and higher order components) can then excite parametric resonances, including the 4th-order resonance (σ_l_l = 90°) when σ₀l_l is higher than 90°, inducing strong longitudinal emittance growths and acceptance reductions. The longitudinal beam dynamics is therefore complex, even when the nonlinear space-charge forces are ignored. The parametric resonance excitation by the RF field is analyzed before discussing the additional effect of the nonlinear space-charge forces, in particular to explain why the zero-current longitudinal phase advance per transverse focusing period σ₀l_t is not a relevant parameter. Examples are given in the SPIRAL2 linac case.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOST038

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Received ※ 16 May 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 22 June 2022

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MOPOST041

Dynamic Aperture Studies for the Transfer Line From FLUTE to cSTART

storage-ring, optics, quadrupole, simulation

164

J. Schäfer, B. Härer, A.-S. Müller, A.I. Papash, R. Ruprecht, M. Schuh
KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany

Funding: J. Schäfer acknowledges the support by the DFG- funded Doctoral School "Karlsruhe School of Elementary and Astroparticle Physics: Science and Technology".
The compact STorage ring for Accelerator Research and Technology cSTART project will deliver a new KIT accelerator test facility for the application of novel acceleration techniques and diagnostics. The goal is to demonstrate storing an electron beam of a Laser Plasma Accelerator (LPA) in a compact circular accelerator for the first time. Before installing an LPA, the Far-Infrared Linac and Test Experiment (FLUTE) will serve as a full energy injector for the compact storage ring, providing stable bunches with a length down to a few femtoseconds. The transport of the bunches from FLUTE to the cSTART storage ring requires a transfer line which includes horizontal, vertical and coupled deflections which leads to coupling of the dynamics in the two transverse planes. In order to realize ultra-short bunch lengths at the end of the transport line, it relies on special optics which invokes high and negative dispersion. This contribution presents dynamic aperture studies based on six-dimensional tracking through the lattice of the transfer line.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOST041

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 09 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 24 June 2022

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MOPOPT005

Bunch Measurements with BPM at Low Energy Hadron Accelerators

rfq, simulation, diagnostics, electron

237

S.M. Ben Abdillah
Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France
S. Boussa, A. Gatera, F. Pompon
SCK•CEN, Mol, Belgium

Beam Position Monitors (BPM) are one of the key diagnostics use in LINACs, BPMs should ensure a continuous monitoring of the beam position and energy. BPMs also give an indication of the beam transverse shape. For electron LINACs, beam longitudinal length is measured with BPMs. However, in hadron LINACs, it is performed with intrusive modules (wire scanners, beam shape monitors) This document relates the measurement of beam longitudinal length with BPMs. It is divided in two parts: first, a theoretical model of the BPM operation and the formulas driving the measurement of beam longitudinal length from BPM output signals. Second, an experimental study run at MYRRHA LINAC facility and showing good agreement between estimated values of beam longitudinal length from Tracewin simulations and BPM measurements.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOPT005

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Received ※ 12 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 22 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 27 June 2022

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MOPOPT012

Concept of a Beam Diagnostics System for the Multi-Turn ERL Operation at the S-DALINAC

cavity, operation, electron, recirculation

254

M. Dutine, M. Arnold, R. Grewe, L.E. Jürgensen, N. Pietralla, F. Schließmann, M. Steinhorst
TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany

Funding: Work supported by DFG (GRK 2128), BMBF (05H21RDRB1), the State of Hesse within the Research Cluster ELEMENTS (Project ID 500/10.006) and the LOEWE Research Group Nuclear Photonics.
The S-DALINAC is a thrice-recirculating electron accelerator operating in cw-mode at a frequency of 3 GHz. Due to the implementation of a path-length adjustment system capable of a 360° phase shift, it is possible to operate the accelerator as an Energy-Recovery LINAC. The multi-turn ERL operation has been demonstrated in 2021. While operating the accelerator in this mode, there are two sets of bunches, the still-to-be accelerated and the already decelerated beam, with largely different absolute longitudinal coordinates in the same beamline acting effectively as a 6 GHz beam. For this mode, a non-destructive, sensitive beam diagnostics system is necessary in order to measure the position of both beams simultaneously. The status of a 6 GHz resonant cavity beam position monitor (BPM) will be given together with the results of a wire scanner measurement of the multi-turn ERL beam.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOPT012

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Received ※ 02 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 28 June 2022

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MOPOPT049

Study on Energy Spectrum Measurement of Electron Beam for Producing MIR-FEL at PBP-CMU Electron Linac Laboratory

electron, dipole, FEL, emittance

367

P. Kitisri, S. Rimjaem, K. Techakaew
Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
S. Rimjaem
ThEP Center, Commission on Higher Education, Bangkok, Thailand

At the PBP-CMU Electron Linac Laboratory (PCELL), we aim to produce a mid-infrared free-electron laser (MIR-FEL) for pump-probe experiments in the future. The electron beam is generated from a thermionic cathode radio-frequency (RF) gun with a 1.5-cell cavity before going to an alpha magnet. In this section, some part of the beam is filtered out by using energy slits. The selected part of the beam is then further accelerated by an RF linear accelerator (linac) to get higher energy. This work focuses on the measurement of energy spectrum of electron beam for producing mid-infrared free-electron laser (MIR-FEL). Since our bunch compressor (BC) for the MIR-FEL beamline is an achromat system, the longitudinal distributions of electron beam at the entrance and the exit of the BC are almost the same. Thus, we can measure the longitidinal properties of the beam before it travels to the BC. By using a dipole magnet and a Faraday cup with a slit, we can measure energy spectrum of electron beam before entering the BC. In this study, the ASTRA code is used to investigate the properties of electron beam as well as to design the measuring system. The design results including systematic error of the measuring system are presented and discussed in this contribution. The results from this work can be used as the guideline for the measuring system construction as well as the beam operation.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOPT049

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 09 July 2022

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MOPOPT050

Systematic Study of Electron Beam Measuring Systems at the PBP-CMU Electron Linac Laboratory

electron, emittance, quadrupole, simulation

371

K. Techakaew, S. Rimjaem
Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand

The linear accelerator system at the PBP-CMU Electron Linac Laboratory (PCELL) is used to produce electron beam with suitable properties for generating coherent teragertz (THz) radiation and mid-infrared free-electron laser (MIR FEL). Optimization of machine parameters to produce short electron bunches with low energy spread and low transverse emittance was focused in this study. We conducted ASTRA simulations including three-dimentional (3D) space charge algorithm and 3D field distributions for radio-frequency (RF) electron gun and all magnets to develop measuring systems. Electron beam energy and energy spread were investigated downstream the RF gun and the RF linac using an alpha magnet and a dipole spectrometer, respectively. The transverse beam emittance was studied using the quadrupole scan technique. By filtering proper portion of electrons before entering the linac, the beam with average energy of 20 MeV and energy spread of 0.1-1% can be achieved for a bunch charge of 100 pC. The systematic error is less than 10% for measuring average energy and energy spread while it is less than 31% for measuring transverse emittance when placing the screen of at least 1.0 m behind the scanning quadrupole magnet. The results of this study were used to develop the measuring setups in our system.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOPT050

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 12 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 13 June 2022

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MOPOPT052

Beam-Based Alignment for LCLS-II CuS Linac-to-Undulator Quadrupoles

quadrupole, alignment, target, lattice

377

X. Huang, D.K. Bohler
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA

An advanced method for beam-based alignment that can simultaneously determine the quadrupole centers of multiple magnets has been applied to the LCLS-II CuS linac-to-undulator (LTU) section. The new method modulates the strengths of multiple quadrupoles and monitor the induced trajectory shift. Measurements are repeated with the beam trajectory through the quadrupoles steered with upstream correctors, from which the quadrupole centers can be obtained. Steering of the trajectory to minimize the induced trajectory shift is also done for finding the quadrupole centers.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOPT052

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Received ※ 27 May 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 25 June 2022

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MOPOTK016

Arc Compressor Test in a Synchrotron - the ACTIS Project

electron, synchrotron, radiation, detector

473

M. Rossetti Conti, A. Bacci, I. Drebot, V. Petrillo, A.R. Rossi, M. Ruijter, L. Serafini
INFN-Milano, Milano, Italy
A. Curcio
CLPU, Villamayor, Spain
S. Di Mitri
Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, Italy
G.W. Kowalski, R. Panaś, A.I. Wawrzyniak
NSRC SOLARIS, Kraków, Poland
V. Petrillo
Universita’ degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
E. Puppin
Politecnico/Milano, Milano, Italy

ACTIS (Arc Compressor Test In a Synchrotron) is an experiment aimed to demonstrate the reliability of arc compressors as lattices capable to increase peak current and brightness of an electron beam as it is bent at large angles. This kind of devices has been proposed at theoretical level in several works over the past decades and could be the key to achieve compact and sustainable Free Electron Lasers in the near future. The experiment has been developed since 2019 in the joint effort between INFN, Solaris National Synchrotron Radiation Center and Elettra - S.T. S.C.p.A. The experiment will take place at Solaris (Kraków). Solaris is a synchrotron whose ring is injected by a 550 MeV linac that will be used to prepare the beam with a proper chirp. ACTIS involves also the commissioning of two beam length detectors to be installed downstream of the linac and of the first ring lap. In addition, the low energy model of the machine was built to identify the optimal working point for the experiment and to foresee the longitudinal profile of the beam that will be measured. In this work we present the experiment and report first results obtained in the study phase.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOTK016

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 01 July 2022

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MOPOTK022

A Design Study of Injector System for Synchrotron Light Source

electron, gun, cavity, simulation

485

C. Kim, E.-S. Kim, C.S. Park
KUS, Sejong, Republic of Korea

This work presents a design study of a 200 MeV electron linear accelerator consisting of an electron gun, bunchers, and accelerator structures. We aimed to design the linac with low emittance and low energy spread. A coasting beam from a thermionic electron gun is bunched using a series of buncher cavities: sub-harmonic buncher (SHB), a pre-buncher (PB), and a Buncher. The bunched beam is then accelerated up to 200 MeV with 4 cascaded accelerating structures. The SHB was designed with one-cell standing wave structure for improving the bunching efficiency. The two types of the 500 MHz SHB were considered: elliptical and coupled-cavity linac types. We also investigated constant-gradient and constant-impedance types of 3 GHz multi-cell traveling wave resonators for following buncher cavities and accelerating structures. Depending on the type, geometries of each traveling wave structure (TWS) cavity were determined, and then the electromagnetic fields were calculated. RF powers and phases of each cavity along this linac system were optimized using beam dynamics simulation. Furthermore, the beam distributions in the transverse direction are adjusted using solenoid magnets in the lowenergy section as well as quad triplets in the high-energy section.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOTK022

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 10 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 17 June 2022

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MOPOTK050

Linac Optics Optimization with Multi-Objective Optimization

optics, lattice, quadrupole, controls

572

I. Neththikumara, T. Satogata
ODU, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
R.M. Bodenstein, S.A. Bogacz, T. Satogata
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
A. Vandenhoeke
ULB, Bruxelles, Belgium

Funding: This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under contract DE-AC05-06OR23177.
The beamline design of recirculating linacs requires special attention to avoid beam instabilities due to RF wakefields. A proposed high-energy, multi-pass energy recovery demonstration at CEBAF uses a low beam current. Stronger focusing at lower energies is necessary to avoid beam breakup(BBU) instabilities, even with this small beam current. The CEBAF linac optics optimization balances over-focusing at higher energies and beta excursions at lower energies. Using proper mathematical expressions, linac optics optimization can be achieved with evolutionary algorithms. Here, we present the optimization process of North Linac optics using multi-objective optimization.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOTK050

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Received ※ 31 May 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 10 July 2022

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MOPOTK053

RLAs with FFA Arcs for Protons and Electrons

cavity, SRF, hadron, optics

584

V.S. Morozov
ORNL RAD, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
J.F. Benesch, R.M. Bodenstein, S.A. Bogacz, A. Coxe, K.E. Deitrick, D. Douglas, B.R. Gamage, G.A. Krafft, K.E.Price. Price, Y. Roblin, A. Seryi
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
J.S. Berg, S.J. Brooks, F. Méot, D. Trbojevic
BNL, Upton, New York, USA
D. Douglas
Douglas Consulting, York, Virginia, USA
G.H. Hoffstaetter
Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA

Funding: Authored in part by UT-Battelle, LLC, Jefferson Science Associates, LLC, and Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contracts DE-AC05-00OR22725, DE-AC05-06OR23177, and DE-SC0012704 with the US DOE.
Recirculating Linear Accelerators (RLAs) provide an efficient way of producing high-power, high-quality, continuous-wave hadron and lepton beams. However, their attractiveness had been limited by the cumbersomeness of multiple recirculating arcs and by the complexity of the spreader and recombiner regions. The latter problem sets one of the practical limitations on the maximum number of recirculations. We present an RLA design concept where the problem of multiple arcs is solved using the Fixed-Field Alternating gradient (FFA) design as in CBETA. The spreader/recombiner design is greatly simplified using an adiabatic matching approach. It allows for the spreader/recombiner function to be accomplished by a single beam line. The concept is applied to the designs of a high-power hadron accelerator being considered at ORNL and a CEBAF electron energy doubling project, FFA@CEBAF, being developed at Jefferson lab.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOTK053

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Received ※ 10 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 21 June 2022

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MOPOMS001

Progress on Development of AXSIS: A Femtosecond THz-Driven MeV Accelerator and keV X-Ray Source

electron, acceleration, gun, laser

621

N.H. Matlis, M. Fakhari, F.X. Kärtner, T. Kroh, M. Pergament, T. Rohwer, M. Vahdani, D. Zhang
CFEL, Hamburg, Germany
R. Bazrafshan, F.X. Kärtner, T. Rohwer
Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY) and Center for Free Electron Science (CFEL), Hamburg, Germany
R. Bazrafshan, M. Vahdani
University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
M. Fakhari, D. Zhang
DESY, Hamburg, Germany
F.X. Kärtner, T. Kroh
The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany

Funding: This work was supported by KA908-12/1 of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and by the ERC under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013) through Synergy Grant AXSIS (609920).
We report on the design and progress in implementing a THz-driven relativistic electron accelerator and associated X-ray source, the AXSIS Facility at DESY. We have developed a full layout of the machine based on a THz gun followed by a multi-cycle dielectric loaded metal waveguide THz linear accelerator to generate 20 MeV level, 10 fs electron bunches. The required THz pulse energies are on the mJ-level for the gun and multi-10-mJ-level for the THz linac. Customized laser technologies have been developed allowing for the generation of these pulses up to 1 kHz repetition rate. The generated electron bunches are then focused into a counter propagating optical pulse ’optical undulator’ to generate X-rays in the 6-7 keV range. We will discuss the overall layout of the machine, status of its implementation and technical challenges in the different components as well as diagnostics of this new type of accelerator and X-ray source.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOMS001

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 11 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 21 June 2022

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MOPOMS005

Start-to-End Simulations of a THz-Driven ICS Source

electron, gun, simulation, photon

631

M. Fakhari, Y.-K. Kan
DESY, Hamburg, Germany
F.X. Kärtner
The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
F.X. Kärtner
Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY) and Center for Free Electron Science (CFEL), Hamburg, Germany
N.H. Matlis, M. Vahdani
CFEL, Hamburg, Germany
M. Vahdani
University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany

We present start-to-end simulations for a fully THz-driven table-top X-ray source. A dielectric-loaded metallic cavity operating at its Higher Order Mode accelerates 1 PC photo emitted electron bunch up to 430 keV kinetic energy. The output beam of the gun is injected into a dielectric-loaded waveguide where phase velocity of the traveling wave is adjusted in such a way that electrons see an accelerating field all the way along the tube resulting to an 18.5-MeV output beam which is then transported to an inverse Compton scattering (ICS) stage. The injection phase of the electrons can be tuned to introduce a negative energy chirp to the electron bunch leading to a ballistic bunch compression after the linac. In addition, a set of permanent magnet quadrupoles is designed to focus the beam at the ICS interaction point where the electron beam scatters off a 250-mJ, 0.5ps, 1-µm laser beam and generates an X-ray beam with 2.6x10⁷ photons per shot containing photon energies 2keV< Eph <8keV in a beam with 50 mrad half opening angle. The required terahertz waves to power the gun and linac are 550-ps pulses at 300 GHz containing 5 mJ and 23 mJ energies respectively with 1 kHz repetition rate.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOMS005

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 25 June 2022

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MOPOMS007

Optimized Dielectric Loaded Waveguide Terahertz LINACs

electron, acceleration, GUI, vacuum

634

M. Vahdani
University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
M. Fakhari
DESY, Hamburg, Germany
F.X. Kärtner
The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
F.X. Kärtner
Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY) and Center for Free Electron Science (CFEL), Hamburg, Germany
M. Vahdani
CFEL, Hamburg, Germany

Dielectric loaded waveguides (DLW) powered by multicycle terahertz (THz) pulses have shown promising performance as compact linear accelerators due to higher breakdown fields at THz frequencies compared to conventional RF components. By changing the dielectric dimensions one can control phase and group velocities of the THz pulse inside the DLW. Since optimum waveguide dimensions are dependent on initial electron energy, THz pulse energy, and etc., it is worthwhile to determine optimum values for different conditions to maximize final kinetic energy. In this work, we present a combined analytical/numerical guide to determine the optimum DLW parameters for single on-axis electron acceleration. We also introduce normalized graphic representations to visualize optimum designs for different initial electron and THz pulse energies.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOMS007

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Received ※ 09 June 2022 — Revised ※ 09 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 21 June 2022

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MOPOMS013

Toward Emittance Measurements at 11.7 GHz Short-Pulse High-Gradient RF Gun

gun, emittance, GUI, experiment

649

S.V. Kuzikov, C.-J. Jing, E.W. Knight
Euclid TechLabs, Solon, Ohio, USA
G. Chen, C.-J. Jing, P. Piot, E.E. Wisniewski
ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA
C.-J. Jing
Euclid Beamlabs, Bolingbrook, USA
P. Piot
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
P. Piot, W.H. Tan
Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA

Funding: This project is supported with DoE SBIR Phase II Grant #DE-SC0018709.
A short pulse high gradient RF gun has been recently tested at Argonne Wakefield Accelerator (AWA) facility. The carried-out test showed that the 1,5-cell gun was able to inject 3 MeV, up to 100 pC bunches at room tem-perature being fed by 9 ns up to 300 MW 11.7 GHz puls-es. The cathode field was as high as about 400 MV/m. So high field is aimed to mitigate repealing Coulomb forces substantially. In accordance with simulations the emit-tance could be as low as less than 0.2 mcm. To obtain so low emittance in the experiment, the gun is assumed to be equipped with a downstream linac to be fed from the same power extractor as the gun itself. Here we report design of the RF power distribution system splitting RF power among the gun and the linac, results of low-power tests, and emittance measurement plans for upcoming new experiment at AWA.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOMS013

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Received ※ 01 June 2022 — Revised ※ 09 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 18 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 01 July 2022

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MOPOMS029

HPC Modeling of a High-Gradient C-Band Linac for Hard X-Ray Free-Electron Lasers

simulation, cavity, electron, FEL

703

T.B. Bolin, S. Biedron
UNM-ECE, Albuquerque, USA
S. Sosa
ODU, Norfolk, Virginia, USA

The production of soft to hard x-rays (up to 25 keV) at XFEL (x-ray free-electron laser) facilities has enabled new developments in a broad range of disciplines. Great potential exists for new scientific discovery at higher energies (42+ keV) such as envisioned at MaRIE (Matter-Radiation Interactions in Extremes) at Los Alamos National Laboratory. These instruments can require a large amount of real estate, which quickly escalates costs: The driver of the FEL is typically an electron beam linear accelerator (LINAC) and the need for higher beam energies capable of generating these X-rays can dictate that the linac becomes longer. State of art accelerating technology is required to reduce the linac length by reducing the size of the cavities, providing for compact, high-frequency, high acceleration gradients. Here, we describe using the Argonne Leadership Computing Facility (ALCF) to facilitate our investigations into design concepts for future XFEL high-gradient LINAC’s in the C-band (~4-8 GHz). We investigate two different traveling wave (TW) geometries optimized for high-gradient operation as modeled at the ALCF using VSim software.*
* https://www.txcorp.com

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOMS029

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Received ※ 03 July 2022 — Accepted ※ 04 July 2022 — Issue date ※ 08 July 2022

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MOPOMS039

Study of Material Choice in Beam Dumps for Energetic Electron Beams

electron, target, neutron, scattering

721

D. Zhu, R.T. Dowd, Y.E. Tan
AS - ANSTO, Clayton, Australia

Lead is typically used as the initial target in a design for beam dumps for high energy electron beams (>20 MeV). Electron beams with energies above 20 MeV are usually built within concrete bunkers and therefore the design of any beam dump would just be a lead block (very cost effective) as close to the electron source as possible, after a vacuum flange of some sort. In a study of a hypothetical 100 MeV electron beam inside a concrete bunker with an extremely low dose rate constraint outside the bunker, the thickness of lead required would have been too restrictive for a compact design. In this study we investigate the potential benefits of designs that incorpo-rate low Z materials like graphite as the primary target material in vacuum followed by progressively higher Z materials up to lead. The results show the more diffuse elastic scattering from the primary target reduces the back scattered photons and reduces the overall neutron genera-tion. The effect was a more compact design for the beam dump to meet the same dose rate constraint.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOMS039

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 09 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 19 June 2022

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TUIYGD1

The Status of the ESS Project

target, ion-source, cryomodule, neutron

792

A. Jansson
ESS, Lund, Sweden

Funding: Talk given on behalf of the ESS Accelerator Collaboration.
The European Spallation Source (ESS), currently under construction in Lund, Sweden, will be the world’s most powerful linear accelerator driving a neutron spallation source, with an ultimate beam average power of 5 MW at 2.0 GeV. The LINAC accelerates a proton beam of 62.5 mA peak current at 4 % duty cycle (2.86 ms at 14 Hz). The accelerator uses a normal conducting front-end bring-ing the beam energy to 90 MeV, beyond that the accelera-tion up to 2 GeV is performed using superconducting structures. The accelerator is built by a European collabo-ration consisting of 23 European institutes delivering in-kind contributions of most hardware but also of services for installation and testing. More than half of the original 510 Mâ¬ for the accelerator budget being in form of in-kind contributions. This talk will give an overview of the status of the ESS accelerator and comment on the chal-lenges the accelerator collaboration has encountered and how we together are addressing these challenges.

Slides TUIYGD1 [23.318 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUIYGD1

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 11 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 20 June 2022

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TUIYGD3

FRIB Commissioning and Early Operations

MMI, target, controls, operation

802

J. Wei, H. Ao, S. Beher, G. Bollen, N.K. Bultman, F. Casagrande, W. Chang, Y. Choi, S. Cogan, C. Compton, M. Cortesi, J.C. Curtin, K.D. Davidson, X.-J. Du, K. Elliott, B. Ewert, A. Facco, A. Fila, K. Fukushima, V. Ganni, A. Ganshyn, T. Glasmacher, J.-W. Guo, Y. Hao, W. Hartung, N.M. Hasan, M. Hausmann, K. Holland, H.-C. Hseuh, M. Ikegami, D.D. Jager, S. Jones, N. Joseph, T. Kanemura, S.H. Kim, C. Knowles, P. Knudsen, T. Konomi, B.R. Kortum, T. Lange, M. Larmann, T.L. Larter, K. Laturkar, R.E. Laxdal, J. LeTourneau, Z. Li, S.M. Lidia, G. Machicoane, C. Magsig, P.E. Manwiller, F. Marti, T. Maruta, E.S. Metzgar, S.J. Miller, Y. Momozaki, D.G. Morris, M. Mugerian, I.N. Nesterenko, C. Nguyen, P.N. Ostroumov, M.S. Patil, A.S. Plastun, J.T. Popielarski, L. Popielarski, M. Portillo, J. Priller, X. Rao, M.A. Reaume, H.T. Ren, K. Saito, B.M. Sherrill, A. Stolz, B.P. Tousignant, R. Walker, X. Wang, J.D. Wenstrom, G. West, K. Witgen, M. Wright, T. Xu, T. Xu, Y. Yamazaki, T. Zhang, Q. Zhao, S. Zhao
FRIB, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
B. Arend, T.N. Ginter, E. Kwan, M.K. Smith, M. Steiner, O. Tarasov
NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
A. Facco
INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy
K. Hosoyama
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
M.P. Kelly, Y. Momozaki
ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA
R.E. Laxdal
TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada
M. Wiseman
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA

Funding: Work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science under Cooperative Agreement DE-SC0000661.
The Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) project has completed technical construction in January 2022, five months ahead of schedule baselined about 10 years ago. Beam commissioning has been planned in seven phases starting from 2017 when the normal-conducting ion source and RFQ were commissioned. In April 2021, FRIB driver linac commissioning was completed with heavy ion beams being accelerated to energies above 200 MeV/u using 324 superconducting radiofrequency (SRF) resonators contained in 46 cryomodules. In preparation for high-power operations, a liquid lithium charge strip-per was used to strip uranium beam from average charge state of 33+ to 78+, and multiple charge states were accelerated simultaneously in the linac. By January 2022, FRIB target and fragment separator commissioning was completed with rare-isotope beams produced and identified. In May 2022, the first FRIB user scientific experiment was successfully conducted. This talk summarizes the FRIB accelerator project commissioning and early operations experience with discussions on strategic planning, operational envelope conformance, technical risk mitigation, and lessons learned.

Slides TUIYGD3 [23.483 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUIYGD3

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 06 July 2022

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TUOZGD1

Need for Portable Accelerators in Cultural Heritage

proton, rfq, site, radio-frequency-quadrupole

808

T.K. Charles
The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
R.M. Bodenstein, A. Castilla
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA

Ion Beam Accelerators (IBA) centres have provided researchers with powerful techniques to analyse objects of cultural significance in a non-destructive and non-invasive manner. However, in some cases it is not feasible to remove an object from the field or museum and transport it to the laboratory. In this contributed talk, we present as a manner of a short review, examples of the benefits provided from these techniques in the study of material culture and discuss the initial steps to consider when investigating the feasibility of a compact accelerator that can be taken to sites of cultural significance for PIXE analysis. In particular, we consider the application of a compact, robust 2 MeV proton accelerator that can be taken into the field to perform PIXE measurements on rock art. We detail the main challenges and considerations for such a device.

Slides TUOZGD1 [7.603 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUOZGD1

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Received ※ 09 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 09 July 2022

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TUOZSP3

The European ERL Roadmap

electron, gun, FEL, SRF

831

A. Hutton
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
M. Klein
The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
B.C. Kuske
HZB, Berlin, Germany

Funding: AH supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Nuclear Physics under Contract No. DE-AC05-06OR23177
Following the European Strategy process in 2019, five Roadmap Panels were set up to prepare the technologies needed for future accelerators and colliders: high-field magnets, SRF, muon colliders, plasma wakefield accelerators and Energy Recovery Linacs (ERLs). The ERL Roadmap Panel, consisting of ERL experts from around the world, first developed an overview of current and future ERLs. From this it was possible to carry out a gap analysis to see what R&D would be needed, from which the Roadmap could be developed. The European ERL Roadmap focused on three main aspects: 1) the continuation and development of facility programs for which no additional funds are needed, S-DALINAC in Darmstadt and MESA in Mainz; 2) technology development for room-temperature HOM damping and twin-axis SRF cavities; 3) the timely upgrade of bERLinPro for 100 mA current and the construction of PERLE at Orsay as a dedicated 10 MW power multi-turn facility. The roadmap entails a vision of future energy frontier electron-positron and electron-hadron collider and describes a high quality ERL program for 4.4 K SRF technology at high Q₀. The presentation will address the ERL Roadmap process and result in detail.

Slides TUOZSP3 [2.868 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUOZSP3

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Received ※ 02 June 2022 — Revised ※ 17 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 25 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 29 June 2022

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TUPOST002

Upgrade of the 25 MW RF Station for the Linear Accelerator LINAC2 at ELSA

klystron, electron, monitoring, GUI

838

D. Proft, K. Desch, D. Elsner, M.T. Switka
ELSA, Bonn, Germany

At the Electron Stretcher Facility ELSA in Bonn the first acceleration stage consists of a 3 GHz traveling wave linear accelerator. It was powered by a 25 MW pulsed high power klystron amplifier, which had been in use for the last thirty years. After a major failure and due to the lack of spare part availability the RF station was rebuilt. In addition to a new klystron including its high voltage tank, the new setup also consists of major upgrades of the infrastructure, the pulse forming network and the safety interlocks to satisfy the contemporary requirements. A new monitoring system consisting of multi-channel sampling ADCs allows for automatic pulse-by-pulse analysis of the klystron parameters and simultaneous evaluation of RF performance and stability. In this contribution we will present the new RF station setup, which has successfully been operating since the beginning of 2021 as well as the new monitoring capabilities.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOST002

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Received ※ 04 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 03 July 2022

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TUPOST008

Digital Low-Level RF System for the CERN Linac3 Accelerator

cavity, controls, LLRF, operation

853

D. Valuch, R. Alemany-Fernández, Y. Brischetto, S.J. Faeroe, G. Piccinini, M.E. Soderen
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

A major consolidation of the aging RF system of the CERN Linac3, the ion source for the whole CERN accelerator chain, started during the Long Shutdown II. The main changes were an upgrade of the analogue Low-Level RF system (LLRF) and replacement of the 350 kW tube amplifiers by a solid-state equivalent. The state-of-the-art digital LLRF system enabled new sophisticated features in field manipulations, significantly increased the operational flexibility and improved operational reliability and availability. The paper presents the new architecture, a low noise master clock generator, digital signal processing with direct sampling of the RF signals, pulse parameter measurement or cavity resonance control.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOST008

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Received ※ 27 May 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 15 June 2022

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TUPOST019

Evaluation of PIP-II Master Oscillator Components

proton, controls, SRF, ISOL

892

I. Rutkowski, K. Czuba, A. Serlat
Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Electronic Systems, Warsaw, Poland
B.E. Chase, E. Cullerton
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA

Funding: The paper was prepared by WUT and PIP-II, using the resources of Fermilab, a U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, HEP User Facility. Fermilab is acting under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359.
The Proton Improvement Plan-II (PIP-II) is a planned proton facility at Fermilab. The short- and long-term beam energy stabilization requirements necessitate using a high-quality Master Oscillator (MO). The consecutive sections of the Linac will operate at 162.5, 325, and 650 MHz. The phase relations between reference signals of harmonic frequencies should be kept constant, and the phase noise should be correlated in a wide bandwidth. The possibility of simultaneously meeting both requirements using popular frequency synthesis schemes is discussed. The ultra-low noise floor of the fundamental source is challenging for other devices in the phase reference distribution system. Therefore, the sensitivity to operating conditions, including impedance matching, input power level, and power supply voltage, must be considered. This paper presents a preliminary performance test of critical components selected for the PIP-II Master Oscillator system performed using a state-of-the-art phase noise analyzer.
The paper was prepared by WUT and PIP-II, using the resources of Fermilab, a U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, HEP User Facility. Fermilab is acting under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOST019

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 16 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 23 June 2022

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TUPOST040

Automated Intensity Optimisation Using Reinforcement Learning at LEIR

target, injection, operation, electron

941

N. Madysa, R. Alemany-Fernández, N. Biancacci, B. Goddard, V. Kain, F.M. Velotti
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

High intensities in the CERN Low Energy Ion Ring (LEIR) are achieved by stacking up to seven consecutive multi-turn injections from Linac3. Two inclined septa combined with a collapsing horizontal orbit bump allow a 6-D phase space painting via a linearly ramped mean momentum along the Linac3 pulse and injection at high dispersion. The beam is cooled and dragged longitudinally via electron cooling (e-cooling) into a stacking momentum. For optimal accumulation, the electron energy and trajectory need to match the ion energy and orbit at the e-cooler section. In this paper, a reinforcement learning (RL) agent is trained to adjust various e-cooler and Linac3 parameters to maximise the intensity at the end of the injection plateau. Variational Auto-Encoders (VAE) are used to compress longitudinal Schottky spectra into a compact representation as input for the RL agent. The RL agent is pre-trained on a surrogate model of the LEIR e-cooling dynamics, which in turn is learned from the data collected for the training of the VAE. The performance of the VAE, the surrogate model, and the RL agent is investigated in this paper. An overview of planned tests in the upcoming LEIR runs is given.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOST040

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 10 July 2022

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TUPOST041

Experience with Computer-Aided Optimizations in LINAC4 and PSB at CERN

MMI, extraction, cavity, beam-losses

945

P.K. Skowroński, M.A. Fraser, I. Vojskovic
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

Accelerator optimization is routinely performed with the help of computer algorithms that fully automate these tasks. However, their efficiency, speed, and time to implement varies greatly depending on the algorithms used. In LINAC4 some of the automatic optimization routines were programmed using different algorithms to find the most suitable. We present the problems for which the computer algorithms were used and the results of our comparative study.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOST041

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Received ※ 09 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 22 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 08 July 2022

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TUPOPT008

An Overview of the T20 Beamline for the LUXE Experiment at the European XFEL

FEL, emittance, experiment, electron

1014

S.D. Walker, N. Golubeva
DESY, Hamburg, Germany

The Laser Und XFEL Experiment (LUXE) at the EUXFEL aims to explore hitherto unprobed regions of quantum electrodynamics characterised by both high-energy and high-intensity. This will be accomplished by leveraging the electron beam provided by the EUXFEL and an intensely-focussed laser to study electron-photon and photon-photon interactions. The LUXE experiment will be placed in the empty XTD20 tunnel and to this end a new beamline, T20, will need to be installed to deliver one bunch per bunch train to LUXE. The T20 beamline feature a total bend angle of 6.7 degrees, which combined with the very short bunches provided by the EUXFEL raises concerns regarding the deleterious impact of of coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) on the bunch emittances. As the LUXE experiment has specific beam size requirements at its IP, these effects and the limits on the focus must be characterised. In this paper the T20 beamline design and its final focus are outlined. Furthermore, the impact of collective effects on the beam quality at the LUXE IP are discussed, and finally a means to mitigate the impact of these effects and improve the beam quality at the LUXE IP is shown.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOPT008

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Received ※ 13 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 19 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 10 July 2022

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TUPOPT037

LCLS Multi-Bunch Improvement Plan: First Results

kicker, FEL, experiment, undulator

1092

A. Halavanau, A.L. Benwell, T.G. Beukers, L.B. Borzenets, F.-J. Decker, J. Hugyik, A. Ibrahimov, E.N. Jongewaard, A.K. Krasnykh, A.L. Le, K. Luchini, A.A. Lutman, A. Marinelli, M. Petree, A. Romero, A.V. Sy
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA

LCLS copper linac primarily operates in a single bunch mode with a repetition rate of 120 Hz. Presently, several in-house projects and LCLS user experiments require double- and multi-pulse trains of X-rays, with inter-pulse delay spanning between 0.35 and 220 ns. We discuss beam control improvements to the copper linac using ultra-fast stripline kicker, as well as additional photon diagnostics. We especially focus on a case of double-pulse mode, with 218 ns separation.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOPT037

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Received ※ 12 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 10 July 2022

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TUPOPT048

bERLinPro Becomes SEALab: Status and Perspective of the Energy Recovery Linac at HZB

SRF, electron, cavity, experiment

1110

A. Neumann, B. Alberdi-Esuain, T. Birke, P. Echevarria, D. Eichel, F. Falkenstern, R. Fleischhauer, A. Frahm, F. Göbel, A. Heugel, F. Hoffmann, H. Huck, T. Kamps, S. Klauke, G. Klemz, J. Kolbe, J. Kühn, B.C. Kuske, J. Kuszynski, S. Mistry, N. Ohm, H. Ploetz, S. Rotterdam, O. Schappeit, G. Schindhelm, C. Schröder, M. Schuster, H. Stein, E. Suljoti, Y. Tamashevich, M. Tannert, J. Ullrich, A. Ushakov, J. Völker, C. Wang
HZB, Berlin, Germany
T. Kamps
HU Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Funding: Work supported by German Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, Land Berlin, and grants of Helmholtz Association
Since end of the year 2020 the energy recovery linac (ERL) project bERLinPro of Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin has been officially completed. But what is the status of this facility, the next scientific goals in the framework of accelerator physics at HZB, what are the perspectives? To reflect the continuation of this endeavor and the broadening of applications of this machine from high current SRF based energy recovery concept up to an ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) facility producing shortest electron pulses, the facility is now named Sealab, Superconducting RF Electron Accelerator Laboratory. In this contribution, an overview of lessons learned so far, the status of the machine, the coming set up and commissioning steps with an outlook to midterm and future applications will be given. In summary, Sealab will expand, including the ERL application, and become a general accelerator physics and technology test machine to employ UED as a first study case and will also be an ideal testbed to investigate new control schemes based on digital twins or machine learning methods.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOPT048

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Received ※ 06 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 03 July 2022

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TUPOPT052

Proposal for Non-Destructive Electron Beam Diagnostic with Laser-Compton Backscattering at the S-Dalinac

photon, electron, laser, scattering

1121

M.G. Meier, M. Arnold, J. Enders, N. Pietralla
TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany

Funding: Work supported in part by the state of Hesse within the research cluster ELEMENTS (project ID 500/10.006) and the LOEWE research cluster Nuclear Photonics and by DFG through GRK 2128 "Accelence" and Inst163/308-1 FUGG.
To recover a large fraction of energy from the accelerator process in an energy-recovery linac, experiments, secondary-beam production, and beam diagnostics must be non-destructive and/or, hence, feature a low interaction probability with the very intense electron-beam. Laser-Compton backscattering can provide a quasi-monochromatic highly polarized X-ray to γ-ray beam without strongly affecting the electron beam due to the small recoil and the small Compton cross-section. Highest energies of the scattered photons are obtained for photon-scattering angles of \ang{180}, i. e., backscattering. A project at TU Darmstadt foresees to synchronize a highly repetitive high-power laser with the Superconducting DArmstadt electron LINear ACcelerator S\hbox{-}DALINAC, capable of running in energy recovery mode * to realize a laser-Compton backscattering source with photon beam energy up to §I{180}{\kilo\electronvolt}. The source will be first used as a diagnostic tool for determining and monitoring key electron-parameters, in particular energy and the energy spread at the S\hbox{-}DALINAC operation. Results are foreseen to be used for optimizing the design of laser-Compton backscattering sources at energy-recovery linacs.
*M. Arnold et al., Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams 23, 020101(2020)

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOPT052

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 24 June 2022

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TUPOPT054

Generation of Coherent THz Transition Radiation for Time Domain Spectroscopy at the PBP-CMU Electron Linac Laboratory

radiation, electron, FEM, experiment

1129

S. Pakluea
Chiang Mai University, PBP Research Facility, Chiang Mai, Thailand
M. Jitvisate
Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
S. Rimjaem, J. Saisut, C. Thongbai
Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
S. Rimjaem, J. Saisut, C. Thongbai
ThEP Center, Commission on Higher Education, Bangkok, Thailand

The accelerator system at the PBP-CMU Electron Linac Laboratory is used to generate terahertz transition radiation (THz-TR). Due to broad spectrum, it can be used as the light source for THz time-domain spectroscopy (TDS) to measure both the intensity and phase of the THz signal. This contribution presents the generation of the THz-TR produced from 10-20 MeV electron beams and the system preparation for THz TDS. The electron bunches, which are compressed to have a length of femtosecond scale at the experimental station, is used to generate the THz-TR using a 45°-tilted aluminum foil as a radiator. The radiation properties including angular distribution, polarization and radiation spectrum are measured in the accelerator hall and at the TDS station. The radiation spectral range covers up to 2.3 THz with the peak power of 0.5 - 1.25 MW is expected. The effects of electron bunch distribution, divergence of the beam and influence of optical components on the radiation properties were studied. The results show that the considered effects have a significant impact on the TR properties. The Information will be used in the TR characterization that is needed to be interpreted carefully.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOPT054

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 27 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 04 July 2022

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TUPOTK010

Nitric Acid Soaking after Imperfect Furnace Treatments

cavity, niobium, SRF, radio-frequency

1211

R. Ghanbari, A. Dangwal Pandey
DESY, Hamburg, Germany
C. Bate
University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
W. Hillert, M. Wenskat
University of Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Hamburg, Germany

Annealings of niobium cavities in UHV or nitrogen atmospheres are crucial for the performance in the later cryogenic tests and operation. Recovery methods for imperfect annealing conditions have been discussed, and a more recent proposal, the so-called "nitric acid soak" has been studied here in detail. It shows surprising recovery potential, albeit the unclear origin of this improvement. We present our investigation on the several potential origins. For this, we used SEM, SIMS and XPS measurements of niobium samples to study the surface morphology and contaminations. We can reject the favored hypothesis on the origin of the improvement, and propose an alternative origin.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOTK010

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Received ※ 10 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 18 June 2022

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TUPOTK014

Refurbishment of SRF Cavities and HOM Antenna Coating Studies for the Mainz Energy-Recovering Superconducting Accelerator (MESA)

cavity, cryomodule, HOM, SRF

1226

P.S. Plattner, F. Hug, T. Stengler
KPH, Mainz, Germany

Funding: The work received funding by BMBF through 05H21UMRB1.
The Mainz Energy-Recovering Superconducting Accelerator (MESA) will be a new recirculating accelerator, which can operate in an external beam mode and an energy recovering mode. In the ERL-mode the electrons cross an internal gas-target at MAGIX and give their kinetic energy into the Superconducting Radio Frequency (SRF) system back after experimental use. The MESA cryomodules are based on ELBE-type cryomodules, which contain two 9-cell TESLA/XFEL-type cavities. For any maintenance the clean room infrastructure at the Helmholtz Institute Mainz (HIM) can be used. Currently, a cryomodule from the decommissioned ALICE ERL at Daresbury, UK is in the process of refurbishment. The refurbishment includes an HPR rinse of the cavities suffering from field emission at present and various adjustments of the module for a future use in MESA, which includes adding piezo tuners and new HOM antennas. For the new antennas, different superconducting coatings (Nb₃Sn and NbTiN) will be tested to reach higher critical temperatures in the future for giving the possibility to couple out more HOM power without quenching as the prospected cw beamload lays above 4 mA in MESA ERL operation. Using a superconducting 3 GHz six-cell injector cavity for the S-DALINAC the successful refurbishment of a SRF cavity by applying a high pressure rinse in the clean room infrastructure at HIM was demonstrated the first time.
* The authors acknowledge the transfer of one cryomodule to Mainz by STFC Daresbury.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOTK014

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 18 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 23 June 2022

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TUPOTK022

INFN-LASA for the Fermilab PIP-II

cavity, SRF, controls, site

1249

R. Paparella, M. Bertucci, M. Bonezzi, A. Bosotti, D. Cardelli, A. D’Ambros, E. Del Core, A.T. Grimaldi, L. Monaco, D. Sertore, G.M. Zaggia
INFN/LASA, Segrate (MI), Italy
C. Pagani
Università degli Studi di Milano & INFN, Segrate, Italy

The status of INFN-LASA contribution to the PIP-II project at Fermilab is reported in this paper. Experimental results and ongoing activities on prototypes are summarized together with the development of related testing infrastructures. The series production of the 38 5-cell, beta 0.61 cavities designed by INFN-LASA for the LB650 section of the PIP-II linac recently commenced, the status of major procurements and associated activities is here below presented. All cavities will be produced and surface treated in industry to reach the unprecedented performances required, qualified through vertical cold test at qualified infrastructures and delivered as linac-ready at the string assembly site.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOTK022

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Received ※ 09 June 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 04 July 2022

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TUPOTK024

Multipacting Simulation on Half-Wave Resonator for 200 MeV Energy Upgrade of Komac Proton Linac

simulation, cavity, multipactoring, electron

1255

J.J. Dang, H.S. Kim, H.-J. Kwon, S. Lee
KOMAC, KAERI, Gyeongju, Republic of Korea

Funding: This work was supported through KOMAC operation fund of KAERI by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (KAERI-524320-22).
A superconducting linac is developed at KOrea Multi-purpose Accelerator Complex (KOMAC) for proton beam energy upgrade from 100 MeV to 200 MeV. The SRF linac consists of thirty-six half-wave resonator (HWR) cavities. 350 MHz, β = 0.56 HWR is designed to provide 3.6 MV accelerating voltage. After a fundamental RF design study, an analysis on a multipacting (MP) of HWR is carried out. The MP simulation for the HWR is performed by using CST Particle Studio. To understand a feature of the MP occurrence in the HWR, a particle-in-cell simulation is conducted while changing various conditions such as an RF amplitude, an RF phase, and an emission surface.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOTK024

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 04 July 2022

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TUPOTK029

Open XAL Status Report 2022

cavity, controls, status, emittance

1271

A.P. Zhukov, A.M. Hoover, A.P. Shishlo
ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
J.F. Esteban Müller, E. Laface, Y. Levinsen, N. Milas
ESS, Lund, Sweden

The Open XAL accelerator physics software platform has been developed through international collaboration among several facilities since 2010. The goal of the collaboration is to establish Open XAL as a multi-purpose software platform supporting a broad range of tool and application development in accelerator physics and high-level control (Open XAL also ships with a suite of general-purpose accelerator applications). This paper discusses progress in beam dynamics simulation and updated application framework along with new generic accelerator physics applications. We present the status of the project at each participating facility and a roadmap for continued development.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOTK029

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Received ※ 09 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 29 June 2022

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TUPOTK050

Development of Zynq SoC-Based EPICS IOC for KOMAC Remote Control System

controls, EPICS, Linux, FPGA

1330

Y.G. Song, S.Y. Cho, J.H. Kim, S.P. Yun
KOMAC, KAERI, Gyeongju, Republic of Korea

Funding: This work was supported by the KOMAC (Korea Multi-purpose Accelerator Complex) operation fund of KAERI by MSIT (Ministry of Science and ICT)
The KOMAC proton accelerator consists of a 100 MeV linear accelerator and beam lines for beam services. Devices of various form factors are used as control systems in accelerator control systems and beam diagnosis systems. With the recent upgrade of the control system, a Zynq-based control system has been developed that enables the latest technology and low cost. The Zynq-based DAQ system was developed by adopting Digilent’s Zybo z7 series board and AD7605 analog-to-digital data acquisition system. The Zybo z7 is an embedded software and digital circuit development board built around the Xilinx Zynq-7000 family. The Zynq is based on Xilinx All Programmable System-on-Chip (AP SoC) architecture, which tightly integrates a dual-core ARM Cortex-A9 processor with Xilinx7-series Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) logic. The AD7605 is a 4-channel and 16bit ADC with 300 kSPS on all channels. The Zynq SoC-based DAQ system will be used for beam feedback control and RF signal monitoring at KOMAC. This paper introduces the development of configurations for the development of Zynq-based control systems, programmable Logic (PL) builds, and Linux and EPICS porting.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOTK050

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 10 July 2022

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TUPOTK053

Design Progress of High Efficiency Klystron for CEPC LINAC

klystron, simulation, cavity, gun

1339

Z.D. Zhang, Y.L. Chi, D. Dong, M. Iqbal, G. Pei, S.C. Wang, O. Xiao, S. Zhang, Z.S. Zhou
IHEP, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
S. Zhang, Z.D. Zhang
UCAS, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

The injector linear accelerator (LINAC) for the CEPC requires a higher efficiency klystron with 80MW output power than S band 65MW pulsed klys-tron currently operating in LINAC of BEPCII to reduce energy consumption and cost. The efficiency is ex-pected to improve from the currently observed 42% to more than 55% and output power will be improved from 65MW to more than 80MW with same operation voltage. In this paper, BAC bunching method is ap-plied for klystron efficiency improvement. The optimi-zation of the gun and solenoid parameters is complet-ed with 2-D code DGUN and then 3-D code CST. The preliminary design of the cavity parameters is also completed in 1-D disk model based AJDISK code and then further checked by 2-D code EMSYS. Finally, new klystron prototype will be fabricated in Chinese com-pany after design parameters are determined.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOTK053

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 09 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 17 June 2022

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TUPOTK063

CERN Linac4 Chopper Dump: Operational Experience and Future Upgrades

operation, site, ISOL, radiation

1370

C.J. Sharp, P. Andreu Muñoz, M. Calviani, G. Costa, L.S. Esposito, R. Franqueira Ximenes, D. Grenier, E. Grenier-Boley, J.R. Hunt, A.M. Krainer, C.Y. Mucher, C. Torregrosa
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

The Chopper Dump in the Linac4 accelerator at CERN is a beam-intercepting device responsible for the absorption of the 3 MeV H⁻ ion beam produced by the Linac4 source and deflected upstream by an electromagnetic chopper. It allows a portion of the beam, which would otherwise fall into the unstable region of the radiofrequency buckets in the Proton Synchrotron Booster, to be dumped at low energy with minimal induced radiation. It may also be used to absorb the entire beam. With peak currents of 25 to 45 mA and shallow penetration, this results in large deposited energy densities, thermal gradients and mechanical stresses. Additional constraints arise from geometric integration, vacuum and radiation protection requirements. Material selection, beam-matter interaction studies and thermo-structural analyses are important aspects of the design process. The Chopper Dump underwent modification in 2019 following observed material degradation in the original version of the device. The experience gained, modifications made and observations noted since then are detailed herein. Against this background, the design and analysis of an upgraded device, intended to cope with future operational conditions, is outlined and discussed.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOTK063

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Received ※ 20 May 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 26 June 2022

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TUPOMS003

CLS Operational Status and Future Operational Plans

operation, cavity, storage-ring, booster

1389

M.J. Boland, F. Le Pimpec
CLS, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada

The Canadian Light Source (CLS) has been in operation for users since 2005 and recently commissioned the 22^nd photon beamline. In 2021 the CLS commenced top-up operations at 220 mA, which has been a big success for the user experiments. The storage ring is now RF power limited and will require a second RF cavity to realise the design goal of 500 mA. The 250 MeV electron injector complex for the CLS booster synchrotron ring dates back to the original linac from 1962 and the Saskatchewan Accelerator Laboratory. This paper will give an overview of the present status of the accelerator systems for user operations and the operational improvement plans for a second RF cavity in the storage ring and a new linac.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOMS003

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Received ※ 16 June 2022 — Revised ※ 18 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 23 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 28 June 2022

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TUPOMS013

Novel High Repetition Rate CW SRF Linac-Based Multispectral Photon Source

FEL, electron, radiation, undulator

1427

P.E. Evtushenko
HZDR, Dresden, Germany

We discuss a design of a CW SRF linac-based photon facility for the generation of MIR-THz and VUV pulses at high repetition rates of up to 1 MHz. The MIR-THz sources would cover the frequency range from 0.1 to 30 THz with the pulse energies of a few 100 µJ. The use of the CW SRF linac and the radiation source architecture will allow for high flexibility in the pulse repetition rate. Conventional superradiant THz sources, driven by electron bunches shorter than the radiation wavelength, would cover the wavelength range from 0.1 THz to about 2.5 THz. A different approach is developed to extend the operation of the superradiant undulators well beyond the few THz. For this, a longitudinally modulated electron bunch would be used to achieve significant bunching factors at higher frequencies. The proposed VUV FEL would use the HGHG FEL scheme. It will allow the construction of a unique, fully coherent, high repetition rate source operated with about 30 µJ pulse energy at the first harmonic in the design wavelength range. An FEL oscillator, operating at a wavelength 3-5 times longer than the HGHG system, can generate the seed required for the high repetition rate HGHG scheme.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOMS013

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 16 June 2022

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TUPOMS038

RFQ NEWGAIN: RF and Thermomechanical Design

rfq, cavity, proton, insertion

1510

P. Hamel, N. Sellami
CEA-IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
M.J. Desmons, O. Piquet, B. Prevet
CEA-DRF-IRFU, France

Funding: Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)
A new injector called NEWGAIN will be added to the SPIRAL2 Linear Accelerator (LINAC), in parallel with the existing one. It will be mainly composed of an ion source and a Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) connected to the superconductive LINAC of SPIRAL2. The new RFQ will accelerate at 88.05 MHz particles with charge-over-mass ratio (Q/A) between 1/3 and 1/7, from 10 keV/u up to 590 keV/u. It consists of a 4-vane resonant cavity with a total length of 7 m. It is a CW machine that has to show stable operation, provide the request availability, have the minimum losses in order to provide the highest current to the superconductive LINAC and show the best quality/cost ratio. This paper will present the preliminary RF design and the thermomechanical study for this RFQ.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOMS038

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 27 June 2022

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TUPOMS041

High Power RF-Cavity Development for the HBS-Driver LINAC

cavity, heavy-ion, neutron, operation

1516

M. Basten, K. Aulenbacher, W.A. Barth, C. Burandt, F.D. Dziuba, V. Gettmann, T. Kürzeder, S. Lauber, J. List, M. Miski-Oglu, M. Vossberg, S. Yaramyshev
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
K. Aulenbacher, W.A. Barth, M. Basten, C. Burandt, F.D. Dziuba, V. Gettmann, T. Kürzeder, S. Lauber, J. List, M. Miski-Oglu
HIM, Mainz, Germany
K. Aulenbacher, W.A. Barth, F.D. Dziuba, S. Lauber, J. List
KPH, Mainz, Germany
T. Gutberlet
JCNS, Jülich, Germany
H. Podlech
IAP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
H. Podlech
HFHF, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Neutron research in Europe is mainly based on various nuclear reactors that will be successively decommissioned over the next years. This means that despite the commissioning of the European Spallation Source ESS, many neutron research centres, especially in the medium flux regime, will disappear. In response to this situation, the Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) has begun the development of a scalable, compact, accelerator-based High Brilliance neutron Source (HBS). A total of three different neutron target stations are planned, which can be operated with a 100 mA proton beam of up to 70 MeV and a duty cycle of up to 6%. The driver Linac consists of an Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) ion source followed by a LEBT section, a 2.5 MeV double Radio-Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) and 35 normal conducting (NC) Crossbar H-Mode (CH) cavities. The development of the cavities is carried out by the Institute for Applied Physics (IAP) at the Goethe University Frankfurt am Main. Due to the high beam current, all cavities as well as the associated tuners and couplers have to be optimised for operation under high thermal load to ensure safe operation. In collaboration with the GSI Centre for Heavy Ion Research as the ideal test facility for high power tests, two cavities and the associated hardware are being designed and will be tested. The design and latest status of both cavities will be presented in this paper.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOMS041

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Received ※ 18 May 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 28 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 06 July 2022

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TUPOMS046

Fabrication and Low-Power Test of Disk-and-Washer Cavity for Muon Acceleration

cavity, experiment, acceleration, dipole

1534

Y. Takeuchi, J. Tojo
Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
E. Cicek, H. Ego, K. Futatsukawa, N. Kawamura, T. Mibe, M. Otani, N. Saito, T. Yamazaki, M. Yoshida
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
Y. Iwashita
Kyoto University, Research Reactor Institute, Osaka, Japan
R. Kitamura, T. Morishita
JAEA/J-PARC, Tokai-Mura, Naka-Gun, Ibaraki-Ken, Japan
Y. Kondo
JAEA, Ibaraki-ken, Japan
Y. Nakazawa
Ibaraki University, Hitachi, Ibaraki, Japan
Y. Sue, K. Sumi, M. Yotsuzuka
Nagoya University, Graduate School of Science, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
H.Y. Yasuda
University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

The muon g-2/EDM experiment is under preparation at Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC), and the muon linear accelerator for the experiment is being developed. A Disk-and-Washer (DAW) cavity will be used for the medium-velocity part of the accelerator, and muons will be accelerated from v/c=ß=0.3 to 0.7 with the operating frequency of 1.296 GHz. Machining, brazing, and low-power measurements of a prototype cell reflecting the design of the first tank of DAW were performed to identify fabrication problems. Several problems were identified, such as displacement of washers during brazing, and some measures will be taken in the actual tank fabrication. In this paper, the results of the prototype cell fabrication will be reported.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOMS046

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 23 June 2022

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TUPOMS062

Overall Performance of 26 Power Stations at 400 kW - 352 MHz

cavity, ion-source, radio-frequency, controls

1573

C. Pasotti, A. Cuttin
Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, Italy

The spoke cavities section of the European Spallation Source (ESS) Linac will be powered by 26 Radio Frequency Power Stations (RFPSs). Each RFPS delivers 400 kW of Radio Frequency (RF) power at 352.21 MHz in pulsed mode at a repetition rate up to 14 Hz and a 5 % duty cycle, thanks to a twin tetrodes RF power sources integration. This equipment belongs to the Italian In-Kind Contributions (IKCs) to ESS. Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A (Elettra) is responsible for the development, manufacturing and commissioning of the RFPSs and is managing the RFPS manufacturing contract awarded to European Science Solutions s.r.l (ESS-It). So far, 24 units have been delivered and, by mid 2022, the entire contribution, plus a complete spare unit, will be delivered to ESS. The overall performance of the RFPSs, the lessons learned, and the optimizations adopted along the manufacturing process and the difficulties that the COVID-19 pandemic has posed along the way are presented in this contribution.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOMS062

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 16 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 04 July 2022

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WEOXGD2

Electron Accelerator Lattice Design for LHeC with Permanent Magnets

electron, synchrotron, synchrotron-radiation, radiation

1587

D. Trbojevic, J.S. Berg, S.J. Brooks
BNL, Upton, New York, USA
S.A. Bogacz
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
G.H. Hoffstaetter
Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA

Funding: Work performed under the Contract Number DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the auspices of US Department of Energy
We present a new ’green energy’ approach to the Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) the future Electron Ion Collider at LHeC using single beam line made of very strong focusing combined function permanent magnets and the Fixed Field Alternating Linear Gradient (FFA-LG) principle. We are basing our design on recent very successful commissioning results of the Cornell University and Brookhaven National Laboratory ERL Test Accelerator-CBETA.

Slides WEOXGD2 [19.845 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEOXGD2

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 02 July 2022

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WEOYSP2

First Electron Beam of the ThomX Project

gun, HOM, electron, emittance

1632

C. Bruni, M. Alkadi, J-N. Cayla, I. Chaikovska, S. Chancé, V. Chaumat, O. Dalifard, N. Delerue, K. Dupraz, M. El Khaldi, N. ElKamchi, E.E. Ergenlik, P. Gauron, A. Gonnin, E. Goutierre, H. Guler, M. Jacquet, V. Kubytskyi, P. Lepercq, F. Letellier-Cohen, J.C. Marrucho, B. Mercier, E. Mistretta, H. Monard, A. Moutardier, M. Omeich, V. Soskov, F. Wicek
Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France

Funding: The present work is financed by the French National Research Agency (ANR) under the Equipex program ANR-10-EQPX-0051.
The ThomX accelerator beam commissioning phase is now ongoing. The 50 MeV electron accelerator complex consists of a 50 MeV linear accelerator and a pulsed mode ring. It is dedicated to the production of X-rays by Compton backscattering. The performance of the beam at the interaction point is demanding in terms of emittance, charge, energy spread and transverse size. The choice of an undamped ring in pulsed mode also stresses the performance of the beam from the linear accelerator. Thus, commissioning includes a beam based alignment and a simulation/experimental matching procedure to reach the X-ray beam requirements. We will present the first 50 MeV electron beam obtained with ThomX and its characteristics.
on behalf of the ThomX collaboration : ThomX collaboration, https://thomx.ijclab.in2p3. fr/collaboration-thomx/, [Online; accessed 19-May- 2022].

Slides WEOYSP2 [80.558 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEOYSP2

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 21 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 04 July 2022 — Issue date ※ 06 July 2022

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WEPOPT023

A Design of ILC E-Driven Positron Source

positron, cavity, electron, acceleration

1889

M. Kuriki, S. Konno, Z.J. Liptak
HU/AdSM, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
M.K. Fukuda, T. Omori, Y. Seimiya, J. Urakawa, K. Yokoya
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
S. Kashiwagi
Tohoku University, Research Center for Electron Photon Science, Sendai, Japan
H. Tajino
HU ADSE, Hiroshima, Japan
T. Takahashi
Hiroshima University, Graduate School of Science, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan

ILC is an electron-positron linear collider based on Superconducting linear accelerator. Linear collider is an only solution to realinze high energy electron-positron collision beyond the limit of synchrotron radiation energy loss by ring colliders. Beam current of injector of linear colliders is much larger than that of ring colliders because the beam is not reusable. Providing an enough amount of particles, especially positron is a technical issue. In this article, we present a design of electron driven positron source for ILC. After optimizations, the system design is established with an enough technical margin, e.g. avoiding potential damage on the production target.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOPT023

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Received ※ 20 May 2022 — Revised ※ 11 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 23 June 2022

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WEPOPT055

Linac3, LEIR and PS Performance with Ions in 2021 and Prospects for 2022

operation, LLRF, cavity, injection

1983

N. Biancacci, S.C.P. Albright, R. Alemany-Fernández, D. Alves, M.E. Angoletta, D. Barrientos, H. Bartosik, G. Bellodi, S.B. Bertolo, D. Bodart, M. Bozzolan, H. Damerau, F.D.L. Di Lorenzo, A. Frassier, D. Gamba, A. Huschauer, S. Jensen, V. Kain, T. Koevener, G. Kotzian, D. Küchler, A. Lasheen, G. Le Godec, T.E. Levens, N. Madysa, E. Mahner, O. Marqversen, C.M. Mastrostefano, P.D. Meruga, C. Mutin, M. O’Neil, G. Piccinini, R. Scrivens, P.S. Solvang, D. Valuch, F.M. Velotti, R. Wegner, C. Wetton, M. Zampetakis
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

CERN accelerators underwent a period of long shutdown from the end of 2018 to 2020. During this time frame, significant hardware and software upgrades have been put in place to increase the performance of both proton and ion accelerator chains in the High Luminosity LHC era. In the context of the CERN lead ion chain, 2021 has been mainly devoted to restore the injectors’ performance and to successfully prove the slip-stacking technique in SPS. In this paper we summarise the key milestones of the ion beam commissioning and the achieved beam performance for the Linac 3 (including the source), LEIR and PS accelerators, together with an outlook on 2022 operation.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOPT055

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Received ※ 03 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 17 June 2022

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WEPOPT062

Optimisation of the FCC-ee Positron Source Using a HTS Solenoid Matching Device

positron, solenoid, target, simulation

2003

Y. Zhao, S. Döbert, A. Latina, S. Ogur
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
B. Auchmann, P. Craievich, J. Kosse, R. Zennaro
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
I. Chaikovska, R. Chehab
Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France
M. Duda
IFJ-PAN, Kraków, Poland
P.V. Martyshkin
BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia

In this paper, we present the simulation and optimisation of the FCC-ee positron source, where a high-temperature superconducting (HTS) solenoid is used as the matching device to collect positrons from the target. The "conventional" target scheme is used which simply consists of amorphous tungsten. The target is placed inside the bore of the HTS solenoid to improve the accepted positron yield at the entrance of the damping ring and the location of the target is optimised. The latest recommended baseline beam parameters are used and presented. An optimisation of the ideal positron yield using the analytic SC solenoid on-axis field is also performed and shows that the design of the HTS solenoid is optimal as far as the accepted positron yield is concerned.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOPT062

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 16 June 2022

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WEPOPT063

The FCCee Pre-Injector Complex

positron, electron, injection, collider

2007

P. Craievich, B. Auchmann, S. Bettoni, H.-H. Braun, M. Duda, D. Hauenstein, E. Hohmann, R. Ischebeck, P.N. Juranič, J. Kosse, G.L. Orlandi, M. Pedrozzi, J.-Y. Raguin, S. Reiche, S.T. Sanfilippo, M. Schaer, N. Vallis, R. Zennaro
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
F. Alharthi, I. Chaikovska, S. Ogur
Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France
W. Bartmann, M. Benedikt, M.I. Besana, M. Calviani, S. Döbert, Y. Dutheil, O. Etisken, J.L. Grenard, A. Grudiev, B. Humann, A. Latina, A. Lechner, K. Oide, A. Perillo-Marcone, H.W. Pommerenke, R.L. Ramjiawan, Y. Zhao, F. Zimmermann
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
A. De Santis
INFN/LNF, Frascati, Italy
Y. Enomoto, K. Furukawa, K. Oide
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
O. Etisken
Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
C. Milardi
LNF-INFN, Frascati, Italy
T.O. Raubenheimer
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
N. Vallis
EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland

The international FCC study group published in 2019 a Conceptual Design Report for an electron-positron collider with a centre-of-mass energy from 90 to 365 GeV with a beam currents of up to 1.4 A per beam. The high beam current of this collider create challenging requirements on the injection chain and all aspects of the linac need to be carefully reconsidered and revisited, including the injection time structure. The entire beam dynamics studies for the full linac, damping ring and transfer lines are major activities of the injector complex design. A key point is that any increase of positron production and capture efficiency reduces the cost and complexity of the driver linac, the heat and radiation load of the converter system, and increases the operational margin. In this paper we will give an overview of the status of the injector complex design and introduce the new layout that has been proposed by the study group working in the context of the CHART collaboration. In this framework, furthermore, we also present the preliminary studies of the FCC-ee positron source highlighting the main requirements and constraints.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOPT063

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Received ※ 11 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 29 June 2022

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WEPOTK036

Progress on Electron Beam Optimization for FLASH Radiotherapy Experiment at Chiang Mai University

electron, simulation, experiment, radiation

2146

K. Kongmali, P. Apiwattanakul, S. Rimjaem, J. Saisut, C. Thongbai
Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
P. Apiwattanakul, N. Kangrang
Chiang Mai University, PBP Research Facility, Chiang Mai, Thailand
M. Jitvisate
Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
P. Lithanatudom
IST, Chiang Mai, Thailand

At present, one of diseases that kills many people worldwide is cancer. The FLASH radiotherapy (RT) is a promising cancer treatment under study. It involves the fast delivery of RT at much higher dose rates than those currently used in clinical practice. The very short time of exposure leads to the destruction of the cancer cells, while the nearby normal cells are less damaged as compared with conventional RT. This work focuses on study of FLASH-RT experiment using electron beams produced from the accelerator system at the PBP-CMU Electron Linac Laboratory. The structure and properties of our electron pulses with microbunches in picosecond time scale and macropulses in microsecond time scale match well to FLASH-RT requirement. To optimize the condition for experiment, the electron beam simulations are performed by varying energy, charge and bunch length. The 25 MeV electrons energy before hitting the window for 50 and 100 pC bunch length have a bunch length of 1.16 and 1.97 ps. The transverse rms beam sizes of 50 pC and 100 pC bunch charges have the differences between ASTRA and GEANT4 from 7.90 % to 34.0 %. The optimized electron beam properties from this study will be used as the guideline for further simulation and experiment preparation.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOTK036

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 20 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 22 June 2022

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WEPOMS016

On the (Apparent) Paradox between Space-Charge Forces and Space-Charge Effects

space-charge, emittance, focusing, rfq

2268

P.A.P. Nghiem
CEA-IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

With the advent of high-intensity linacs, space charge forces are now well known as a major issue causing undesirable effects on particle beam qualities like emittance growth or sudden losses. They should be stronger when there are more particles or when the latter are contained in a smaller volume. But a detailed examination of the beam along an accelerator show that space charge effects are weaker where the beam size is smaller. This article clarifies this paradox and revisits the recommendations on beam sizes in view of mitigating space charge effects.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOMS016

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 16 June 2022

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WEPOMS023

Optimization Studies of Simulated THz Radiation at FLUTE

electron, radiation, simulation, synchrotron

2292

C. Xu, E. Bründermann, A.-S. Müller, A. Santamaria Garcia, J. Schäfer, M. Schwarz
KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany

Funding: Supported by the Helmholtz Association (Autonomous Accelerator, ZT-I-PF-5-6) and the DFG-funded Doctoral School "Karlsruhe School of Elementary and Astroparticle Physics: Science and Technology".
The linac-based test facility FLUTE (Ferninfrarot Linac Und Test Experiment) at KIT will be used to study novel accelerator technology and provide intense THz pulses. In this paper, we present start-to-end simulation studies of FLUTE with different bunch charges. We employ a parallel Bayesian optimization algorithm for different bunch charges of FLUTE to find optimized accelerator settings for the generation of intense THz radiation.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOMS023

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Received ※ 20 May 2022 — Accepted ※ 21 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 10 July 2022

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WEPOMS024

Present Status of the Injector at the Compact ERL at KEK

FEL, gun, emittance, operation

2296

O.A. Tanaka, T. Miyajima, T. Tanikawa
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan

The Compact ERL at KEK is a test accelerator to develop ERL technologies and their possible applications. The first target of injector operation to demonstrate IR-FEL was to generate high bunch charge electron beams with low longitudinal emittance and short bunch length. In 2020, the injector was operated with the bunch charge of 60 pC, the DC gun voltage of 480 kV, the injector energy of 5 MeV and the bunch length of 2 ps rms, and the required beam quality for the IR-FEL has been achieved for a single-pass operation mode. The next target is to demonstrate IR-FEL generation for recirculation mode. The injector energy is decreased to 3.5 MeV due to a limitation of the energy ratio between injection and recirculation beams. Moreover, the DC gun voltage decreases to 390 kV due to the troubles of the DC gun. Therefore, control of the space charge effect is more important to design and optimize the beam transport condition of the injector. In this report, a strategy of the injector optimization together with its realization results and future prospects are summarized.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOMS024

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 11 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 19 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 21 June 2022

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WEPOMS042

The HOMEN Model: An Estimator of High Order Modes Evolution in an Energy Recovery Linac

cavity, HOM, electron, acceleration

2342

S. Samsam, A. Bacci, V. Petrillo, M. Rossetti Conti, A.R. Rossi, M. Ruijter, L. Serafini
INFN-Milano, Milano, Italy
A. Bosotti, R. Paparella, D. Sertore
INFN/LASA, Segrate (MI), Italy
M.R. Masullo, A. Passarelli
INFN-Napoli, Napoli, Italy
M. Opromolla
Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy

Energy recovery linacs represent the new frontier of energy sustainability in the field of particle accelerators while providing remarkable performance in terms of high average current and average brightness. Operating superconducting radio-frequency cavities in continuous wave makes high repetition rates (GHz-class) affordable and allows the construction of light sources such as FEL or Compton based characterized by high flux. \ This study originates in the context of the design study of BriXSinO, an ERL based on the two-pass two-way scheme à la Maury Tigner in which the cavities are traveled by the beam in both directions, the first time in the accelerating phase and the second time in the decelerating phase. HOMEN was conceived as a model to simulate the evolution of high order modes on long time scales in high Q cavities of machines of this kind and monitor their effects on the beam.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOMS042

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 21 June 2022

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WEPOMS045

Modeling and Mitigation of Long-Range Wakefields for Advanced Linear Colliders

wakefield, HOM, collider, dipole

2350

F. Bosco, M. Carillo, L. Giuliano, M. Migliorati, A. Mostacci, L. Palumbo
Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
O. Camacho, A. Fukasawa, N. Majernik, J.B. Rosenzweig
UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
E. Chiadroni, B. Spataro, C. Vaccarezza
LNF-INFN, Frascati, Italy
L. Faillace, A. Giribono
INFN/LNF, Frascati, Italy

Funding: This work is supported by DARPA under Contract N.HR001120C0072, by DOE Contract DE-SC0009914 and DE-SC0020409, by the National Science Foundation Grant N.PHY-1549132 and by INFN.
The luminosity requirements of TeV-class linear colliders demand use of intense charged beams at high repetition rates. Such features imply multi-bunch operation with long current trains accelerated over the km length scale. Consequently, particle beams are exposed to the mutual parasitic interaction due to the long-range wakefields excited by the leading bunches in the accelerating structures. Such perturbations to the motion induce transverse oscillations of the bunches, potentially leading to instabilities such as transverse beam break-up. Here we present a dedicated tracking code that studies the effects of long-range transverse wakefield interaction among different bunches in linear accelerators. Being described by means of an efficient matrix formalism, such effects can be included while preserving short computational times. As a reference case, we use our code to investigate the performance of a state-of-the-art linear collider currently under design and, in addition, we discuss possible mitigation techniques based on frequency detuning and damping.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOMS045

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Received ※ 20 May 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 10 July 2022

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THOXGD3

Commissioning Status of the RAON Superconducting Accelerator

cryomodule, MMI, quadrupole, rfq

2399

H.J. Kim, Y.J. Choi, Y.S. Chung, J. Heo, I.S. Hong, J.-H. Jang, D. Jeon, H. Jin, G.D. Kim, Y.H. Kim, J.W. Kwon, S. Lee, B.-S. Park, M.J. Park, C.W. Son
IBS, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
D.M. Kim
KUS, Sejong, Republic of Korea
E.H. Lim
Korea University Sejong Campus, Sejong, Republic of Korea
S.H. Moon
UNIST, Ulsan, Republic of Korea

The Rare isotope Accelerator Complex for ON-line experiments (RAON) has been proposed as a multi-purpose accelerator facility for providing beams of exotic rare isotopes of various energies. It can deliver ions from hydrogen (proton) to uranium. Protons and uranium ions are accelerated up to 600 MeV and 200 MeV/u respectively. It can provide various rare isotope beams which are produced by isotope separator on-line system. The RAON injector was successfully commissioned in 2021 to study the initial beam parameters from the main technical systems, such as the ECR ion source and RFQ, and to find the optimized LEBT and MEBT setpoints and matching conditions. In this paper, we present the current commissioning status of the RAON injector in preparation for the upcoming SCL3 beam commissioning.

Slides THOXGD3 [6.508 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THOXGD3

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 15 June 2022

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THOXSP2

Brixsino High-Flux Dual X-Ray and THz Radiation Source Based on Energy Recovery Linacs

electron, cavity, laser, radiation

2407

I. Drebot, F. Canella, S. Cialdi, M. Giammarchi, D. Giannotti, S. Latorre, C. Meroni, M. Rossetti Conti, A.R. Rossi, M. Ruijter, S. Samsam, L. Serafini, V. Torri
INFN-Milano, Milano, Italy
M.P. Abbracchio, S. Altilia, B. Paroli, A. Vanzulli
Universita’ degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
A. Andreone, G.P. Papari
Naples University Federico II, Napoli, Italy
A. Bacci, M. Bertucci, A. Bosotti, F. Broggi, D. Giove, P. Michelato, L. Monaco, R. Paparella, L. Rossi, D. Sertore, M. Statera
INFN/LASA, Segrate (MI), Italy
R. Calandrino, A. Delvecchio
HSP, Milan, Italy
S. Capra, D. Cipriani, C. Lenardi, M. Opromolla, E. Suerra, A. Torresin
Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
P. Cardarelli, G. Paternò, A. Taibi
INFN-Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
M. Citterio
Universita’ degli Studi di Milano e INFN, Milano, Italy
A. Esposito
LNF-INFN, Frascati, Italy
R. Ferragut, G. Galzerano
POLIMI, Milano, Italy
C. Koral, M.R. Masullo, A. Passarelli
INFN-Napoli, Napoli, Italy
Z. Mazaheri, G. Mettivier, P. Russo
UniNa, Napoli, Italy
C. Pagani
Università degli Studi di Milano & INFN, Segrate, Italy
P. Paparo
CNR-ISASI, Pozzuoi, Italy
V. Petrillo, F. Prelz, M. Sorbi
Universita’ degli Studi di Milano & INFN, Milano, Italy
B. Piccirillo, A. Rubano
Naples University Federico II and INFN, Napoli, Italy
E. Puppin
Politecnico/Milano, Milano, Italy

We present the conceptual design of a compact light source named BriXSinO. BriXSinO was born as demonstrator of the Marix project, but it is also a dual high flux radiation source Inverse Compton Source (ICS) of X-ray and Free-Electron Laser of THz spectral range radiation conceived for medical applications and general applied research. The accelerator is a push-pull CW-SC Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) based on superconducting cavities technology and allows to sustain MW-class beam power with almost just one hundred kW active power dissipation/consumption. ICS line produces 33 keV monochromatic X-Rays via Compton scattering of the electron beam with a laser system in Fabry-Pérot cavity at a repetition rate of 100 MHz. The THz FEL oscillator is based on an undulator imbedded in optical cavity and generates THz wavelengths from 15 to 50 micron.

Slides THOXSP2 [19.118 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THOXSP2

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 16 June 2022

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THPOST008

Status of the FLUTE RF System Upgrade

electron, GUI, solenoid, storage-ring

2452

A. Malygin, O. Manzhura, A.-S. Müller, R. Ruprecht, M. Schuh, N.J. Smale
KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany

FLUTE (Ferninfrarot Linac- Und Test-Experiment) is a compact versatile linac-based accelerator test facility at KIT. Its main goal is to serve as a platform for a variety of accelerator studies and to generate strong ultra-short THz pulses for photon science. It will also serve as an injector for a Very Large Acceptance compact Storage Ring (VLA-cSR), which will be realized at KIT in the framework of the compact STorage Ring for Accelerator Research and Technology (cSTART) project. To achieve acceleration of electrons in the RF photoinjector and LINAC (from FLUTE) with high stability, it is necessary to provide stable RF power. For this goal, an upgrade of the existing RF system design has been proposed and is currently being implemented. This contribution will report on the updated RF system design and the commissioning status of the new RF system components.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOST008

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 17 June 2022

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THPOST010

The Frascati DAΦNE LINAC and the Beam Test Facility (BTF) Setups for Irradiation

radiation, electron, operation, diagnostics

2457

C. Di Giulio, F. Cardelli, D. Di Giovenale
INFN/LNF, Frascati, Italy
B. Buonomo, L.G. Foggetta, D. Moriggi
LNF-INFN, Frascati, Italy

The DAΦNE LINAC could produce bunches of electrons and positrons for the Beam Test Facility. The BTF is used usually for single particle test of detectors but is able to receive up to 10¹⁰ particles per second for irradiation test. The DAΦNE LINAC working point could be deeply changed to obtain low energy beam up to 160 MeV with a primary electron beam with enough pulse charge that fulfills irradiation test requirements. A current monitor was installed in the BTF to provide the particle charge per bunch at the users and a flag with the image acquisition system is in operation too, in order to provide a more precise characterization of the beam delivered for the experiments. In this paper the current status and activities of the BTF facility are described.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOST010

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Received ※ 26 May 2022 — Revised ※ 16 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 21 June 2022

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THPOST011

SuperKEKB Electron Positron Injector Linac Upgrade for Higher Charge and Lower Emittance

positron, emittance, electron, injection

2461

K. Furukawa, H. Ego, Y. Enomoto, N. Iida, T. Kamitani, M. Kawamura, S. Matsumoto, T. Matsumoto, T. Miura, M. Satoh, A. Shirakawa, T. Suwada, M. Yoshida
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan

KEK electron positron injector linac has established simultaneous top-up injections in 2019 for 5 rings of SuperKEKB DR, LER, HER, PF ring and PF-AR as a base of the both elementary particle physics and photon science experiments even under a quite short beam lifetime. It improved the injection stabilities while the SuperKEKB broke the world record of the collision luminosity of the previous project KEKB. As the collision performance improves, the beam-beam effect makes the dynamic aperture shrink, and the beam lifetime reduces further. Thus, it became inevitable for the injector to be upgraded in order to resolve the contradictory improvements of higher charge and lower emittance of injection beams regarding beam wakefield till 2025. The upgrade plan is described including pulsed magnets, an energy compression system, accelerating structures, girders, positron generator and so on.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOST011

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 16 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 17 June 2022

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THPOST012

Achievement of 200, 000 Hours of Operation at KEK 7-GeV Electron 4-GeV Positron Injector Linac

injection, positron, operation, electron

2465

K. Furukawa, M. Akemoto, D.A. Arakawa, Y. Arakida, H. Ego, Y. Enomoto, T. Higo, H. Honma, N. Iida, K. Kakihara, T. Kamitani, H. Katagiri, M. Kawamura, S. Matsumoto, T. Matsumoto, H. Matsushita, K. Mikawa, T. Miura, F. Miyahara, H. Nakajima, T. Natsui, Y. Ogawa, S. Ohsawa, Y. Okayasu, T. Oogoe, M.A. Rehman, I. Satake, M. Satoh, Y. Seimiya, T. Shidara, A. Shirakawa, H. Someya, T. Suwada, M. Tanaka, D. Wang, Y. Yano, K. Yokoyama, M. Yoshida, T. Yoshimoto, R. Zhang, X. Zhou
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
Y. Bando
Sokendai, Ibaraki, Japan

KEK electron positron injector linac initiated the injection operation into Photon Factory (PF) light source in 1982. Since then for 39 years, it has served for multiple projects, namely, TRISTAN, PF-AR, KEKB, and SuperKEKB. Its total operation time has accumulated 200 thousand hours on May 7, 2020. We are extremely proud of the achievement following continuous efforts by our seniors. The construction of the injector linac started in 1978, and it was commissioned for PF with 2.5 GeV electron in 1982. In parallel, the positron generator linac was constructed for the TRISTAN collider project. The slow positron facility was also commissioned in 1992. After the KEKB asymmetric-energy collider project was commissioned in 1998 with direct energy injections, the techniques such as two-bunch acceleration and simultaneous injection were developed. As the soft structure design of the linac was too weak against the great east Japan earthquake, it took three years to recover. Then the construction and commissioning for the SuperKEKB project went on, and the simultaneous top-up injection into four storage rings contributes to the both elementary particle physics and photon science.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOST012

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Received ※ 20 May 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 08 July 2022

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THPOST016

Development Progress of HEPS LINAC

MMI, emittance, simulation, LLRF

2472

C. Meng, N. Gan, D.Y. He, X. He, Y. Jiao, J.Y. Li, J.D. Liu, Y.M. Peng, H. Shi, G. Shu, S.C. Wang, O. Xiao, J.R. Zhang, Z.D. Zhang, Z.S. Zhou
IHEP, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
X.H. Lu, X.J. Nie
IHEP CSNS, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China

The High Energy Photon Source (HEPS) is a synchrotron radiation source of ultrahigh brightness and under construction in China. Its accelerator system is comprised of a 6-GeV storage ring, a full energy booster, a 500-MeV Linac and three transfer lines. The Linac is a S-band normal conducting electron linear accelerator with available bunch charge up to 10 nC. The Linac installation has been finished at the end of May this year. The system joint debugging and device conditioning of the accelerating units, the power supplies, et al., are in progress. The beam commissioning will start in September 2022. This paper presents the status of the HEPS Linac and detailed introduction of the beam commissioning simulations and preparations.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOST016

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 09 July 2022

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THPOST019

Generation of Transversely Uniform Bunches from a Gaussian Laser Spot in a Photoinjector for Irradiation Experiments

space-charge, laser, gun, electron

2483

L.A. Dyks, P. Burrows
Oxford University, Physics Department, Oxford, Oxon, United Kingdom
P. Burrows
JAI, Oxford, United Kingdom
R. Corsini, A. Latina
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

Beams of uniform transverse beam profile are desirable for a variety of applications such as irradiation experiments. The generation of beams with such profiles has previously been investigated as a method of reducing emittance growth. These methods, however, often use complicated optics setups or short, femtosecond laser pulse lengths. In this paper, we demonstrate that if ultra low emittance is not the target of the photoinjector, it is possible to produce transversely uniform beam profiles using a simple Gaussian laser, with a bunch length of a few picoseconds, utilising space-charge effects only.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOST019

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 16 June 2022

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THPOST021

Beam Dynamics Simulations of Linear Accelerator for Natural Rubber Vulcanization at Chiang Mai University

electron, simulation, gun, cathode

2491

J. Saisut, S. Rimjaem, C. Thongbai
Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
M. Jitvisate
Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
S. Rimjaem, J. Saisut, C. Thongbai
ThEP Center, Commission on Higher Education, Bangkok, Thailand

The Linear accelerator system for natural rubber vulcanization has been developed at the Plasma and Beam Physics Research Facility, Chiang Mai University, Thailand. The main components of the accelerator system consist of a DC electron gun with a thermionic cathode, an RF linear accelerator, an RF system, a control system, and an irradiation system. The electron beam properties for natural rubber vulcanization are predicted from the beam dynamics simulation starting from a cathode to the titanium exit window. The electron beam generation and the particle in cell simulation inside the DC electron gun are performed using CST Studio Suit software. The electron distribution at the gun exit from the CST output is covered to be an input distribution of the ASTRA beam dynamics simulation program. The electron beam enters linac and is accelerated by RF filed inside the linac. The ASTRA simulation code is used to track electron trajectories including the space-charge interaction and the simulation starts from linac entrance to the exit windows. The electron beam properties for various conditions are evaluated and will be used for further simulations.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOST021

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 03 July 2022

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THPOST023

Current Status of the FFA@CEBAF Energy Upgrade Study

dipole, experiment, permanent-magnet, extraction

2494

R.M. Bodenstein, J.F. Benesch, S.A. Bogacz, A. Coxe, K.E. Deitrick, B.R. Gamage, G.A. Krafft, K.E.Price. Price, Y. Roblin, A. Seryi
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
J.S. Berg, S.J. Brooks, D. Trbojevic
BNL, Upton, New York, USA
D. Douglas
Douglas Consulting, York, Virginia, USA
G.H. Hoffstaetter
Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA
V.S. Morozov
ORNL RAD, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA

Funding: This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Nuclear Physics under contract DE-AC05-06OR23177.
This work will describe the current status of the FFA@CEBAF energy upgrade feasibility studies. Technical updates are given, but more specific details are left to separate contributions. Specifically, this work will discuss improvements to the FFA arcs, a new recirculating injector proposal, and numerous modifications to the current 12 GeV CEBAF which will be required, such as the spreaders and recombiners architecture, splitters (time-of-flight chicanes), the extraction system, and the hall lines.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOST023

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 06 July 2022

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THPOST040

Commissioning of an X-Band Cavity for Longitudinal Phase Space Linearization at UCLA PEGASUS Laboratory

cavity, gun, electron, emittance

2533

P.E. Denham, P. Musumeci, A. Ody
UCLA, Los Angeles, USA

This paper discusses the commissioning of an X-band (9.6 Ghz) linearizer cavity at the UCLA PEGASUS beamline. The photoinjector gun and booster linac operate at S-band (2.856 GHz) and the linearizer cavity can be used to compensate temporally correlated energy spread inherited by the use of relatively long (many ps) laser pulses at the photocathode. The cavity is comprised of 7 cells for a total length of a 9.45 cm, and is installed in the drift section between the gun and the linac. It can be used to remove higher order correlations and minimize the beam energy spread of 13 ps long beams to 10^-4.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOST040

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 21 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 22 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 27 June 2022

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THPOPT014

Simulation and Optimization of SPS-II Linac

simulation, synchrotron, emittance, storage-ring

2590

T. Chanwattana, S. Chunjarean, N. Juntong, S. Klinkhieo, P. Sudmuang
SLRI, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
K. Manasatitpong
Synchrotron Light Research Institute (SLRI), Muang District, Thailand

Siam Photon Source II (SPS-II), the new 3-GeV synchrotron light source project in Thailand, has been designed based on an accelerator system consisting of a 150-MeV injector linac, a full-energy booster synchrotron and a storage ring based on a Double Triple Bend Achromat (DTBA) lattice. A turn-key linac system has been used in an injection system of many synchrotron facilities, and thus it is considered for the SPS-II project. Preliminary beam dynamics simulation and optimization of the SPS-II linac are necessary for investigating achievable beam parameters which can be used for study of beam injection through a transfer line to the booster. Multi-objective optimization algorithm (MOGA) has been used in design and optimization of many accelerators including a linac system for synchrotron light sources, similar to the SPS-II linac. In this paper, results of beam dynamics simulation and MOGA optimization of the SPS-II linac are discussed.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOPT014

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Received ※ 19 May 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 24 June 2022

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THPOPT020

Status and Plans for the New CLS Electron Source Lab

gun, electron, operation, radiation

2614

M.J. Boland, D. Bertwistle, F. Le Pimpec
CLS, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
X.F.D. Stragier
TUE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands

The Canadian Light Source (CLS) has recently created a new Electron Source Lab (ESL) that can run independently from user operations. A section of the old Saskatchewan Accelerator Laboratory experimental nuclear physics tunnels has been rebuilt with new shielding and a separate entrance. The laboratory will be used to prepare an operational spare electron gun for the 250 MeV linac. In addition, there are plans to develop RF guns for a future branch line to inject into the linac and for possible short pulse production. This paper will give an overview of the ESL space and the first electron guns which plan to be installed.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOPT020

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Received ※ 16 June 2022 — Revised ※ 29 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 04 July 2022 — Issue date ※ 08 July 2022

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THPOPT030

Design Study of 30 MeV Linac for a Compact THz Radiation Source

electron, radiation, ion-source, impedance

2643

S. Jummunt, S. Chunjarean, N. Juntong, S. Klinkhieo
SLRI, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
K. Manasatitpong
Synchrotron Light Research Institute (SLRI), Muang District, Thailand

Funding: This work is supported by Science, Research, and Innovation Fund (SRI Fund)
A compact THz radiation source plays a possibility to achieve intense THz radiation at tunable frequencies between 0.5 and 5.0 THz, with a peak power of several MW and narrow-bandwidth. This source requires essentially the reliable high gradient s-band linear accelerator (linac) to provide an electron beam energy up to 30 MeV with high bunch charge. In order to obtain a high gradient linac mentioned, the cavity structure has been optimized and performed using the software CST. The preliminary design of linac and beam dynamics study are presented in this paper.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOPT030

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Received ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 12 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 16 June 2022

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THPOPT036

New Microwave Thermionic Electron Gun for APS Upgrade: Test Results and Operation Experience

gun, cathode, operation, injection

2665

S.V. Kutsaev, R.B. Agustsson, A.C. Araujo Martinez, R.D. Berry, O. Chimalpopoca, A.Y. Murokh, M. Ruelas, A.Yu. Smirnov, S.U. Thielk
RadiaBeam, Santa Monica, California, USA
J.E. Hoyt, W.G. Jansma, A. Nassiri, Y. Sun, G.J. Waldschmidt
ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA

Funding: This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Science, under contracts DE-SC0015191 and DE- AC02-06CH11357
Recently, RadiaBeam has designed and built a robust thermionic RF gun with optimized electromagnetic per-formance, improved thermal engineering, and a robust cathode mounting technique. This gun allows to improve the performance of existing and future light sources, industrial accelerators, and electron beam driven te-rahertz sources. Unlike conventional electrically or side-coupled RF guns, this new gun operates in ’-mode with the help of magnetic coupling holes. Such a design al-lows operation at longer pulses and has negligible dipole and quadrupole components. The gun prototype was built, then installed and tested at the Advanced Photon Source (APS) injector. This paper presents the results of high power and beam tests of this RF gun, and operation-al experience at APS to this moment.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOPT036

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Received ※ 31 May 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 27 June 2022

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THPOPT038

Sirius Injection Optimization

injection, booster, alignment, emittance

2672

X.R. Resende, M.B. Alves, L. Liu, A.C.S. Oliveira, J.V. Quentino, F.H. de Sá
LNLS, Campinas, Brazil

Sirius is the new 3 GeV storage ring (SR)-based 4th generation synchrotron light source built and operated by the Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS) located in the CNPEM campus, in Campinas. The foreseeable move to a top-up injection scheme demands improvement of injection efficiency and repeatability levels. In this work we report on the latest efforts in optimizing the Sirius injection system.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOPT038

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 16 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 24 June 2022

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THPOPT042

Studies for a Laser Wakefield Driven Injector at ELSA

synchrotron, booster, laser, plasma

2686

K. Kranz, K. Desch, D. Elsner, M.T. Switka
ELSA, Bonn, Germany

At the University of Bonn, Germany, the storage ring ELSA extracts electrons with energies up to 3.2 GeV to hadron physics and novel detector testing experiments. We study the feasibility of replacing the current 26 MeV LINAC injector with a laser wakefield accelerator (LWA). For this, contemporary parameters from current LWA setups at other laboratories are assumed and matched to the acceptance of the booster synchrotron. Moreover, a conceptional draft of a potential LWA setup is created. This takes into consideration the influence of building conditions such as available floor space and building vibrations to estimate a setup and laser beam stability of a plasma generating high power laser system and beamline to the plasma cell. The methods and intermediate results of this study will be presented.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOPT042

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 05 July 2022

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THPOTK011

Permanent Magnets for the CEBAF 24GeV Upgrade

permanent-magnet, radiation, lattice, synchrotron

2792

S.J. Brooks
BNL, Upton, New York, USA
S.A. Bogacz
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA

Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
An upgrade of the CEBAF facility to double its present energy of 12GeV has been proposed. To provide double the number of linac passes using the existing five stacked arc beamlines, some beamlines are replaced by fixed-field accelerator (FFA) arcs, allowing multiple energies to pass through the same magnets. A solution is presented in which two of the existing electromagnetic beamlines are replaced with permanent magnet non-scaling FFA arcs, as demonstrated at CBETA. The two-stage design reduces peak magnetic field and synchrotron radiation loss compared to using a single stage. FFAs do not pulse their magnets, making permanent magnets a promising and power-efficient technology option. However, the magnetic field requirements are still at the high end of accelerator permanent magnets produced thus far (1.6T peak on beam), while the magnets must also be combined-function, having a gradient with a dipole offset. Designs using a novel oval aperture and open midplane within an adapted Halbach magnet are presented.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOTK011

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Received ※ 31 May 2022 — Revised ※ 11 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 04 July 2022

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THPOTK032

A Vacuum System for the Milliampere Booster

cavity, vacuum, simulation, experiment

2833

R.G. Heine, C.L. Lorey
KPH, Mainz, Germany

The Milliampere Booster (MAMBO) is the injector linac for the Mainz Energy-recovering Superconducting Accelerator MESA. MESA is a multi-turn energy recovery linac with beam energies in the 100 MeV regime currently designed and built at Institut für Kernphysik (KPH) of Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz. The main accelerator consists of two superconducting Rossendorf type modules, while the injector MAMBO relies on normal conducting technolgy. The MAMBO RF cavities are bi-periodic pi/2 structures that are about 2m long, each. In this paper we present the results of Molflow+ simulations of several setups of the vacuum system for MAMBO that differ in number of pumps, pumping speed and diameter of the pumping ports that are connected to the DN40 beam pipe.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOTK032

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 24 June 2022

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THPOTK054

Proposal of a VHEE Linac for FLASH Radiotherapy

electron, cavity, gun, simulation

2903

L. Giuliano, F. Bosco, M. Carillo, D. De Arcangelis, A. De Gregorio, L. Ficcadenti, D. Francescone, G. Franciosini, M. Migliorati, A. Mostacci, L. Palumbo, V. Patera, A. Sarti
Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
D. Alesini, A. Gallo, A. Vannozzi
INFN/LNF, Frascati, Italy
M. Behtouei, L. Faillace, B. Spataro
LNF-INFN, Frascati, Italy
M.G. Bisogni, F. Di Martino, J.H. Pensavalle
INFN-Pisa, Pisa, Italy
G.A.P. Cirrone, G. Cuttone, G. Torrisi
INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy
V. Favaudon, A. Patriarca
Institut Curie - Centre de Protonthérapie d’Orsay, Orsay, France
S. Heinrich
Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Orsay, France

Translation of electron FLASH radiotherapy in clinical practice requires the use of high energy accelerators to treat deep tumours and Very High Electron Energy (VHEE) could represent a valid technique to achieve this goal. In this sce- nario, a VHEE FLASH linac is under study at the University La Sapienza of Rome (Italy) in collaboration with the Italian Institute for Nuclear Research (INFN) and the Curie Insti- tute (France). Here we present the preliminary results of a compact C-band system aiming to reach an high accelerating gradient and an high pulse current necessary to deliver high dose per pulse and ultra-high dose rate required for FLASH effect. We propose a system composed of a low energy high current injector linac followed by a modular section of high accelerating gradient structures. CST code is used to define the required LINAC’s RF parameters and beam dynamics simulations are performed using T-Step, ASTRA and GPT tracking codes.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOTK054

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Received ※ 17 May 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 10 July 2022

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THPOMS006

A Carbon Minibeam Irradiation Facility Concept

radiation, proton, quadrupole, target

2947

M. Mayerhofer, G. Dollinger, M.A. Sammer
Universität der Bundeswehr Muenchen, Neubiberg, Germany
V. Bencini
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

In minibeam therapy, the sparing of deep-seated normal tissue is limited by transverse beam spread caused by small-angle scattering. Contrary to proton minibeams, helium or carbon minibeams experience less deflection, which potentially reduces side effects. To verify this potential, an irradiation facility for preclinical and clinical studies is needed. This manuscript presents a concept for a carbon minibeam irradiation facility based on a LINAC design for conventional carbon therapy. A quadrupole triplet focuses the LINAC beam to submillimeter minibeams. A scanning and a dosimetry unit are provided to move the minibeam over the target and monitor the applied dose. The beamline was optimized by TRAVEL simulations. The interaction between beam and these components and the resulting beam parameters at the focal plane is evaluated by TOPAS simulations. A transverse beamwidth of < 100 µm (σ) and a peak-to-valley (energy) dose ratio of > 1000 results for carbon energies of 100 MeV/u and 430 MeV/u (about 3 cm and 30 cm range in water) whereby the average beam current is about 30 nA. Therefore, the presented irradiation facility exceeds the requirements for hadron minibeam therapy.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS006

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Received ※ 16 May 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 29 June 2022

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THPOMS022

Production of Radioisotopes for Cancer Imaging and Treatment with Compact Linear Accelerators

target, proton, rfq, cyclotron

2996

M. Vretenar, A. Mamaras
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
G. Bisoffi
INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy
P. Foka
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany

Accelerator-produced radioisotopes are widely used in modern medicine, for imaging, for cancer therapy, and for combinations of therapy and diagnostics. Clinical trials are well advanced for several radioisotope-based treatments that might open the way to a strong request of specific accelerator systems dedicated to radioisotope production. While cyclotrons are the standard tool in this domain, we explore here alternative options using linear accelerators. Compared to cyclotrons, linacs have the advantage of modularity, compactness, and reduced beam loss with lower shielding requirements. Although in general more expensive than cyclotrons, linacs are competitive in cost for production of low-energy proton beams, or of intense beams of heavier particles. After a review of radioisotopes of potential interest, in particular those produced with low-energy protons or helium, this paper presents two linac-based isotope production systems. The first is a compact RFQ-based system for PET isotopes, and the second is an alpha-particle linac for production of alpha-emitters. The accelerator systems are described, together with calculations of production yields for different targets.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS022

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Received ※ 20 May 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 17 June 2022

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THPOMS026

Monte Carlo Simulation of Electron Beam in Phantom Water for Radiotherapy Application

electron, simulation, radiation, photon

3011

P. Apiwattanakul, C. Phueng-ngern, S. Rimjaem, J. Saisut
Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
P. Lithanatudom
IST, Chiang Mai, Thailand
P. Nimmanpipug, S. Rimjaem, J. Saisut
ThEP Center, Commission on Higher Education, Bangkok, Thailand

Radiotherapy (RT) is an effective treatment that can control the growth of cancer cells. There is a hypothesis suggests that secondary electrons with an energy of a few eV produced from RT play an important role on cancer’s DNA strand break. In this study, the Monte Carlo simulation of electron beam irradiation in phantom water is performed to investigate the production of low-energy electrons. Electron beams produced from an radio-frequency linear accelerator (RF linac) are used in this study. The accelerator can generate the electron beam with adjustable energy of up to 4 MeV and adjustable repetition rate of up to 200 Hz. With these properties, the electron dose can be varied. We used ASTRA software to simulate the electron beam dynamics in the accelerator and GEANT4 toolkit for studying interactions of electrons in water. The energy of electrons decreases from MeV scale to keV-eV scale as they travel in the water. From simulations, the dose distribution and depth in phantom water were obtained for the electron dose of 1, 3, 5, 10, 25, and 50 Gy. Further study on effect of low-energy electron beam with these dose values on cancer DNAs will be performed with GEANT4-DNA simulation.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS026

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 16 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 25 June 2022

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THPOMS040

Present Status of Linear Accelerator System for Natural Rubber Vulcanization at Chiang Mai University

radiation, electron, experiment, shielding

3057

C. Thongbai, P. Jaikaew, E. Kongmon, S. Rimjaem, J. Saisut, P. Wongkummoon
Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
N. Khangrang
Chiang Mai University, PBP Research Facility, Chiang Mai, Thailand
M.W. Rhodes, S. Rimjaem, J. Saisut, C. Thongbai
ThEP Center, Commission on Higher Education, Bangkok, Thailand

At the Plasma and Beam Physics (PBP) Research Fa-cility, Chiang Mai University (CMU), an electron beam accelerator system for natural rubber irradiation has been under development and is currently under the commissioning. The research project is carried out with the aim to modify an old medical linac, retired from the clinical operation, for rubber latex vulcanization and materials irradiation using electron beams. The accelerator system consists of a DC-thermionic cathode electron gun, a standing-wave RF linear accelerator, an RF system, a control system, beam diagnostic systems, and an irradia-tion system. The components were completely assembled, and the RF system was tested. The RF processing has been performed and some of the electron beam properties have been measured. This contribution presents some experimental results while developing and testing the various sub-systems of this accelerator. The present status of development and some vulcanization results will also be reported in this contribution.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS040

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 04 July 2022

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THPOMS041

Design and Parameterization of Electron Beam Irradiation System for Natural Rubber Vulcanization

experiment, simulation, electron, radiation

3061

P. Wongkummoon
Chiang Mai University, PBP Research Facility, Chiang Mai, Thailand
N. Kangrang, S. Rimjaem, J. Saisut, C. Thongbai
Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
M.W. Rhodes
IST, Chiang Mai, Thailand

Electron beam irradiation is a process to modify or improve the properties of materials with less chemical residue. In natural rubber vulcanization, a proper electron absorbed dose is about 50-150 kGy. In this study, the experimental station is designed to investigate the deposition of the electron beam in natural rubber. Electron beams generated from an RF linac are used in this study. This accelerator can generate the beam with energies in the range of 1-4 MeV and an adjustable repetition rate of up to 200 Hz. We can optimize these parameters to maximize the throughput and uniformity of electron dose in the vulcanization. The simulation results from GEANT4 were used to narrow down the appropriate parameters in the experiment. In the early stage of the study, water was used as a sample instead of natural rubber. The dose distribution was obtained by placing a B3 film dosimeter under a water chamber. The water depth was varied from 0.5 to 2.0 cm. The simulation results provide the dose distribution to compare with the experimental results. In a further study, the beam irradiation in natural rubber with these optimal parameters and vulcanization tests will be performed.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS041

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 16 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 03 July 2022

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THPOMS050

Design of Linac Based Neutron Source

neutron, target, electron, photon

3084

N. Upadhyay, S. Chacko
University of Mumbai, Mumbai, India
A.P. Deshpande, T.S. Dixit, R. Krishnan
SAMEER, Mumbai, India

Neutron sources are of great utility for various applications, especially in the fields of nuclear medicine, nuclear energy and imaging. At SAMEER, we have designed a linear electron accelerator based neutron source via photo-neutron generation. The accelerator is a 15 MeV linac with both photon and electron mode and is capable of delivering high beam current to achieve beam power of 1 to 2 kW. Efforts are in place to achieve further higher beam powers. 15 MeV electrons are incident on a bremsstrahlung target followed by a secondary target to achieve neutrons. To further optimize and enhance the neutron yield, backing material is provided. In this paper, we present the simulation of (e, g) and (g, n) processes using the Monte Carlo code FLUKA. The optimization of Tungsten as the convertor target whereas of the Beryllium as the neutron target is discussed in detail. We have explored various backing materials in order to optimize the total neutron yield as well as the thermal neutron yield. The simulation results have been considered for the finalisation of all material parameters for the set-up of this neutron source activity.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS050

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 11 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 12 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 14 June 2022

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FRPLYGD2

Access to Effective Cancer Care in Low- Middle Income Countries Requires Sophisticated Linear Accelerator Based Radiotherapy

radiation, gun, survey, electron

3147

M. Dosanjh
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

There are substantial and growing gaps in cancer care for millions of people in Low- Middle- Income countries (LMICs) and for geographically remote settings in High-income countries (HICs), often indigenous populations. Assessing the cancer care shortfall led to understanding the essential gap, that of a radiation therapy machine that can reliably and effectively provide the appropriate first-rate cancer treatments within the challenging environments. More than 10,000 electron linear accelerators (linacs) are currently used worldwide to treat patients. However only 10% of patients in low-income and 40% in middle-income countries who need radiotherapy have access to it. The idea to address the need for a novel medical linac for challenging environments has led to the creation of the STELLA project (Smart Technology to Extend Lives with Linear Accelerators) project. STELLA is multidisciplinary international collaborative effort to design and develop an affordable and robust yet technically sophisticated linear accelerator-based radiation therapy treatment (RTT) in LMICs. Here we describe Project STELLA.

Slides FRPLYGD2 [6.047 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-FRPLYGD2

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 29 June 2022

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