IPAC2022 - List of Keywords (target)

Paper	Title	Other Keywords	Page
MOPOST012	High Current Heavy Ion Beam Investigations at GSI-UNILAC	emittance, heavy-ion, operation, brilliance	78
	H. Vormann, W.A. Barth, M. Miski-Oglu, U. Scheeler, M. Vossberg, S. Yaramyshev GSI, Darmstadt, Germany W.A. Barth, M. Miski-Oglu, S. Yaramyshev HIM, Mainz, Germany
	The GSI Universal Linear Accelerator UNILAC and the synchrotron SIS18 will serve as injector for the upcoming FAIR-facility. The UNILAC-High Current Injector will be improved and modernized until FAIR is commissioned and the Alvarez poststripper accelerator is replaced. The reference heavy ion for future FAIR-operation is uranium, with highest intensity requirements. To re-establish uranium beam operation and to improve high current beam operation, different subjects have been explored in dedicated machine investigation campaigns. After a beam line modification in 2017 the RFQ-performance had deteriorated significantly; new rods have been installed and the RF-working point has been redefined. Also the Superlens-performance had become unsatisfactory; improved with a modified RF-coupler. With a pulsed hydrogen gas stripper target the uranium beam stripping efficiency could be increased by 65%. Various work has already been carried out to establish this stripper device in routine operation. With medium heavy ion beams a very high beam brilliance at the end of transfer line to SIS18 was achieved. Results of the measurement campaigns and the UNILAC upgrade activities will be presented.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOST012
About •	Received ※ 19 May 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 02 July 2022
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MOPOST024	A Local Modification of HL-LHC Optics for Improved Performance of the Alice Fixed-Target Layout	proton, collimation, experiment, optics	108
	M. Patecki, D. Kikoła Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland A.S. Fomin, P.D. Hermes, D. Mirarchi, S. Redaelli CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	Funding: This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, grant agreement number 101003442 - FIXEDTARGETLAND. The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) is the world’s largest and most powerful particle accelerator colliding beams of protons and lead ions at energies up to 7 TeV and 2.76 TeV, respectively. ALICE is one of the detector experiments optimised for heavy-ion collisions. A fixed-target experiment in ALICE is considered to collide a portion of the beam halo, split using a bent crystal, with an internal target placed a few meters upstream of the detector. Fixed-target collisions offer many physics opportunities related to hadronic matter and the quark-gluon plasma to extend the research potential of the CERN accelerator complex. Production of physics events depends on the particle flux on target. The machine layout for the fixed-target experiment is being developed to provide a flux of particles on a target high enough to exploit the full capabilities of the ALICE detector acquisition system. In this paper, we discuss a method of increasing the system’s performance by applying a local modification of optics to set the crystal at the optimal betatron phase. marcin.patecki@pw.edu.pl
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOST024
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 09 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 01 July 2022
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MOPOST025	Influences of the Transverse Motions of the Particles to the Recombination Rate of a Co-Propagating Electron-Ion System	electron, experiment, alignment, cavity	112
	G. Wang, D. Kayran, V. Litvinenko, I. Pinayev, P. Thieberger BNL, Upton, New York, USA V. Litvinenko Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, USA
	Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-SC0012704 with the U.S. Department of Energy. For a system with the ion beam co-propagating with the electron beam, such as a traditional electron cooler or a Coherent electron Cooler (CeC), the recombination rate is an important observable for matching the energy of the electrons with the ions. In this work, we have developed the analytical expressions to investigate how the recombination rate depends on the energy difference of the two beams, with the influences from the transverse motions of the particles being considered. The analytical results are then used to analyze the measured recombination data collected during the CeC experiment in run 21 and run 22.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOST025
About •	Received ※ 09 June 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 27 June 2022
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MOPOST036	Transverse Emittance Measurements of the Beams Produced by the ISOLDE Target Ion Sources	ion-source, emittance, ISOL, quadrupole	144
	N. Bidault CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	The Isotope mass Separator On-Line DEvice (ISOLDE) is a Radioactive Ion Beam (RIB) facility based at CERN where rare isotopes are produced from 1.4 GeV-proton collisions with a target. The different types of targets and ion sources, operating conditions and ionization schemes used during the physics campaign results in extracted beams with various emittances. Characterizing the beam emittance allows deducing the transport efficiency to low-energy experimental stations (up to 60 keV) and the mass resolving power of the separators. We report on emittance measurements for different beams of stable elements extracted from surface and plasma ion sources. The dependence of the emittance on the different conditions of operation of the ion sources is investigated and the results are compared to previous measurements.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOST036
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 09 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 17 June 2022
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MOPOPT006	Characterization of the Electron Beam Visualization Stations of the ThomX Accelerator	HOM, diagnostics, MMI, controls	240
	A. Moutardier, C. Bruni, J-N. Cayla, I. Chaikovska, S. Chancé, N. Delerue, H. Guler, H. Monard, M. Omeich, S.D. Williams Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France S.D. Williams The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
	Funding: Research Agency under the Equipex convention ANR-10-EQPX-0051. We present an overview of the diagnostics screens stations - named SSTs - of the ThomX compact Compton source. ThomX is a compact light source based on Compton backscattering. It features a linac and a storage ring in which the electrons have an energy of 50 MeV. Each SST is composed of three screens, a YAG:Ce screen and an Optical Transition Radiation (OTR) screen for transverse measurements and a calibration target for magnification and resolution characterisation. The optical system is based on commercial lenses that have been reverse-engineered. An Arduino is used to control both the aperture and the focus remotely, while the magnification must be modified using an external motor. We report on the overall performance of the station as measured during the first steps of beam commissioning and on the optical system remote operations.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOPT006
About •	Received ※ 20 May 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 17 June 2022
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MOPOPT018	Advancing to a GHz Transition Radiation Monitor for Longitudinal Charge Distribution Measurements	vacuum, radiation, simulation, electron	267
	S. Klaproth, A. Penirschke THM, Friedberg, Germany H. De Gersem TEMF, TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany T. Reichert, R. Singh GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
	Funding: This work is supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) under contract no. 05P21RORB2. Joint Project 05P2021 - R&D Accelerator (DIAGNOSE) In the past, longitudinal beam profiles have been measured with e.g., Feschenko monitors, Fast Faraday Cups (FFC)* and field monitors. Feschenko monitors usually examine an average shape over several pulses and FFCs are interceptive devices by design. In this work we want to present the progress in the development of a novel GHz diffraction radiation monitor which shall be able to measure the longitudinal charge distribution of single bunches within Hadron beam LINACS non-destructively. A proof-of-concept measurement has been performed at GSI. We aim for a resolution of 50 to 100ps at beam energies of β=0.05 to 0.74. electronic field simulations were performed using CST Particle Studio to determine an optimal RF-Window, which also suits as vacuum chamber and the beam energy and angular dependencies of the diffraction radiation for different materials were analyzed. * A. V. Feschenko (2001): Methods and Instrumentation for Bunch Shape Measurements. In Proc. PAC’01, paper ROAB002 ** G. Zhu et al (2018): Rev. Sci. Instrum. issn 0034-6748, doi :10.1063/1.5027608
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOPT018
About •	Received ※ 14 June 2022 — Revised ※ 11 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 15 June 2022
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MOPOPT040	Summary of the Post-Long Shutdown 2 LHC Hardware Commissioning Campaign	MMI, dipole, operation, hardware	335
	A. Apollonio, O.O. Andreassen, A. Antoine, T. Argyropoulos, M.C. Bastos, M. Bednarek, B. Bordini, K. Brodzinski, A. Calia, Z. Charifoulline, G.-J. Coelingh, G. D’Angelo, D. Delikaris, R. Denz, L. Fiscarelli, V. Froidbise, M.A. Galilée, J.C. Garnier, R. Gorbonosov, P. Hagen, M. Hostettler, D. Jacquet, S. Le Naour, D. Mirarchi, V. Montabonnet, B.I. Panev, T.H.B. Persson, T. Podzorny, M. Pojer, E. Ravaioli, F. Rodriguez-Mateos, A.P. Siemko, M. Solfaroli, J. Spasic, A. Stanisz, J. Steckert, R. Steerenberg, S. Sudak, H. Thiesen, E. Todesco, G. Trad, J.A. Uythoven, S. Uznanski, A.P. Verweij, J. Wenninger, G.P. Willering, D. Wollmann, S. Yammine CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland V. Vizziello INFN/LASA, Segrate (MI), Italy
	In this contribution we provide a summary of the LHC hardware commissioning campaign following the second CERN Long Shutdown (LS2), initially targeting the nominal LHC energy of 7 TeV. A summary of the test procedures and tools used for testing the LHC superconducting circuits is given, together with statistics on the successful test execution. The paper then focuses on the experience and observations during the main dipole training campaign, describing the encountered problems, the related analysis and mitigation measures, ultimately leading to the decision to reduce the energy target to 6.8 TeV. The re-commissioning of two powering sectors, following the identified problems, is discussed in detail. The paper concludes with an outlook to the future hardware commissioning campaigns, discussing the lessons learnt and possible strategies moving forward.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOPT040
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 27 June 2022
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MOPOPT046	Linearity and Response Time of the LHC Diamond Beam Loss Monitors in the CLEAR Beam Test Facility at CERN	detector, electron, beam-losses, operation	355
	S. Morales Vigo, E. Calvo Giraldo, L.A. Dyks, E. Effinger, W. Farabolini, P. Korysko, A.T. Lernevall, B. Salvachúa, C. Zamantzas CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland S. Morales Vigo, C.P. Welsch, J. Wolfenden Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
	Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) diamond detectors have been tested during the Run 2 operation period (2015-2018) as fast beam loss monitors for the Beam Loss Monitoring (BLM) system of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. However, the lack of raw data recorded during this operation period restrains our ability to perform a deep analysis of their signals. For this reason, a test campaign was carried out at the CLEAR beam test facility at CERN with the aim of studying the linearity and response time of the diamond detectors against losses from electron beams of different intensities. The signal build-up from multi-bunched electron beams was also analyzed. The conditions and procedures of the test campaign are explained, as well as the most significant results obtained.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOPT046
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 07 July 2022
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MOPOPT052	Beam-Based Alignment for LCLS-II CuS Linac-to-Undulator Quadrupoles	quadrupole, alignment, linac, lattice	377
	X. Huang, D.K. Bohler SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
	An advanced method for beam-based alignment that can simultaneously determine the quadrupole centers of multiple magnets has been applied to the LCLS-II CuS linac-to-undulator (LTU) section. The new method modulates the strengths of multiple quadrupoles and monitor the induced trajectory shift. Measurements are repeated with the beam trajectory through the quadrupoles steered with upstream correctors, from which the quadrupole centers can be obtained. Steering of the trajectory to minimize the induced trajectory shift is also done for finding the quadrupole centers.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOPT052
About •	Received ※ 27 May 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 25 June 2022
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MOPOTK012	Concept of a Polarized Positron Source for CEBAF	positron, electron, cavity, experiment	457
	S.H. Habet, R.M. Bodenstein, S.A. Bogacz, J.M. Grames, A.S. Hofler, R. Kazimi, F. Lin, M. Poelker, Y. Roblin, A. Seryi, R. Suleiman, A.V. Sy, D.L. Turner JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA A. Ushakov Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France C.A. Valerio-Lizárraga ECFM-UAS, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico E.J-M. Voutier LPSC, Grenoble Cedex, France
	Funding: Laboratoire de Physique des 2 Infinis Irène Joliot-Curie Université Paris-Saclay -> Eric Voutier : eric.voutier@ijclab.in2p3.fr. Positron beams would provide new and meaningful probes for the experimental program at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (JLab), including but not limited to future hadronic physics and dark matter experiments. Critical requirements involve generating positron beams with a high degree of spin polarization, sufficient intensity and a continuous-wave (CW) bunch train compatible with acceleration to 12 GeV at the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). To address these requirements, a polarized positron injector based upon the bremsstrahlung of an intense CW spin polarized electron beam is considered. First a polarized electron beam line provides >1 mA of polarized electrons at ~120 MeV to a high-power target for positron production. Next, a second beam line collects, shapes and aligns the spin of positrons for users. Finally, the positron beam is matched into the CEBAF acceptance for acceleration and transport to the end stations with energies up to 12 GeV. An optimized layout to provide positrons beams with intensity >100 nA (polarized) or intensity >3 µA (unpolarized) will be discussed in this poster. D. Abbott et al., "Production of Highly Polarized Positrons Using Polarized Electrons at MeV Energies", Phys. Rev. Lett., 116, 214801 (2016)
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOTK012
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 06 July 2022
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MOPOTK014	Optics of a Recirculating Beamline for MESA	experiment, optics, injection, scattering	465
	C.P. Stoll, A. Meseck KPH, Mainz, Germany
	The Mainz Energy-recovering Superconducting Accelerator (MESA) is an Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) facility under construction at the Johannes Gutenberg-University in Mainz. It provides the opportunity for precision physics experiments with a 1 mA c.w. electron beam in its initial phase. In this phase experiments with unpolarised, high-density 10¹⁹ atoms per cm² gas jet targets are foreseen at the Mainz Gas Internal Target Experiment (MAGIX). To allow experiments with thin polarised gas targets with sufficiently high interaction rates in a later phase, the beam current must be increased to up to 100 mA, which would pose significant challenges to the existing ERL machine. Thus, it is proposed here to use MESA in pulsed operation with a repetition rate of several kHz to fill a recirculating beamline, providing a quasi c.w. beam current to a thin gas target. The optics necessary for this recirculating beamline are presented here.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOTK014
About •	Received ※ 01 June 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 07 July 2022
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MOPOTK015	ENUBET’s Multi Momentum Secondary Beam Line	kaon, proton, secondary-beams, extraction	469
	E.G. Parozzi, G. Brunetti, F. Terranova Universita Milano Bicocca, MILANO, Italy G. Brunetti, F. Terranova INFN MIB, MILANO, Italy N. Charitonidis CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland A. Longhin, M. Pari, F. Pupilli INFN- Sez. di Padova, Padova, Italy A. Longhin Univ. degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
	In order to study the remaining open questions concerning CP violation and neutrino mass hierarchy, as well as to search for physics beyond the Standard Model, future experiments require precise measurements of the neutrino interaction cross-sections in the GeV/c regime. The absence of a precise knowledge of the neutrino flux currently limits this measurement to a 10-20% uncertainty level. The ENUBET project is proposing a novel facility, capable of constraining the neutrino flux normalization through the precise monitoring of kaon decay products in an instrumented decay tunnel. The collaboration has conducted numerous studies using a beam-line with a central Kaon momentum of 8.5 GeV/c and a ±10% momentum spread. We present here the design of a new beam-line, broadening the range of Kaons to include momenta of 4, 6, and 8.5 GeV/c, thus allowing ENUBET to explore cross-sections over a much larger energy range. In this contribution, we discuss the status of this design, the optimization studies performed, the early results, and the expected performance in terms of kaon and neutrino rates. We also present the first estimations of the background expected to be seen by the experiment.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOTK015
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 15 June 2022
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MOPOTK033	Beamline Design and Optimisation for High Intensity Muon Beams at PSI	experiment, proton, dipole, solenoid	523
	E.V. Valetov PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
	Funding: This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 884104 (PSI-FELLOW-III-3i). The High Intensity Muon Beams (HIMB) project at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) will provide muon intensities of the order of 1e10 muons/s for particle physics and material science experiments, two orders of magnitude higher than the state of the art, which is currently available also at PSI. In particle transport simulations for the HIMB, we use G4beamline with measured pi+ cross-sections and with variance reduction. We also use the codes COSY INFINITY, TRANSPORT, and TURTLE for some studies. We perform asynchronous Bayesian optimisation of the beamlines on a computing cluster using G4beamline and the optimisation package DeepHyper. We performed numerous studies for the design of the HIMB, and we produced various results, including the muon transmission, beam phase space, polarisation, and momentum spectrum.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOTK033
About •	Received ※ 16 May 2022 — Revised ※ 08 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 08 July 2022
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MOPOMS008	Diagnosis of Transverse Emittance in Laser-Driven Ion Beam	laser, emittance, proton, simulation	637
	T. Miyatake, I. Takemoto, Y. Watanabe Kyushu University, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kasuga-Shi, Japan T.-H. Dinh, M. Kando, S. Kojima, K. Kondo, K. Kondo, M. Nishikino, M. Nishiuchi, H. Sakaki National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Kyoto, Japan
	Funding: This work was supported by JST-MIRAI R&D Program No. JPMJMI17A1. This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP21J22132. Ion beam produced in laser-driven ion acceleration by ultra-intense lasers has characteristics of high peak cur-rent and low emittance. These characteristics become an advantage to operate the request for the beam applica-tion. Therefore, we study how to control the parameters with the laser-plasma interaction. Here, we used 2D Particle-in-Cell code to simulate the laser-driven ion acceleration and investigated the results in terms of transverse emittance, beam current, and brightness. The laser spot size and target thickness were changed in the simulation. And, these qualitative results show that interaction target thickness is a major factor in controlling beam characteristics.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOMS008
About •	Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 09 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 18 June 2022
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MOPOMS017	Beam Transport Simulations Through Final Focus High Energy Transport Lines with Implemented Gabor Lenses	focusing, simulation, electron, proton	663
	A. Sherjan, M. Droba, O. Meusel, S. Reimann, K.I. Thoma IAP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany S. Reimann GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
	First investigations on Gabor Lens GL2000 at Goethe University have shown that it is possible to confine a 2m long stable Electron Plasma Column and to apply it as a hadron beam focusing device. With this knowledge theoretical implementations of GLs in final focus and transfer lines have started. The focusing with GLs is a weak but smooth focusing in radial direction. The GL is a suitable and inexpensive choice in addition to the existing focusing elements eg. magnetic quadrupoles. The device helps to improve beam quality and minimize losses over long distances. The investigation of relativistic hadron beams in GeV range using the example of the proposed NA61/SHINE VLE-beamline at CERN is carried out and will be presented. Thin-matrix simulations with a generated distribution as well as field map simulations with generated and realistic distributions (Geant4) at 1 - 6 GeV/c have been analysed and compared. In addition, the H4-beamline at North Area (CERN) is proposed to implement GLs for experimental tests.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOMS017
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 12 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 14 June 2022
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MOPOMS027	Synthesis of First Caesium Telluride Photocathode at ASTeC Using Sequential and Co-Deposition Method	cathode, site, FEL, electron	695
	R. Valizadeh, A.N. Hannah STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom V.R. Dhanak The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom S. Lederer DESY, Hamburg, Germany
	Caesium Telluride (Cs₂Te) photocathodes, are the elec-tron source of choice, by many global accelerators such as European XFEL, FLASH and AWA. It offers high quantum efficiency and reasonable operational lifetime with lower vacuum requirements than multi-alkali photocathodes. In this paper, we report on the first synthesised CsxTe photocathodes at ASTeC, using both sequential and co-deposition of Te and Cs on Mo substrate. Te deposition is carried out using ion beam deposition whilst the Cs is deposited using a SAES getter alkali. The ion beam deposition of Te provides a high degree of control to give a dense, smooth layer with a reproducible film thickness. The chemical state with respect to film composition of the deposited CsxTe is determined with in-situ XPS anal-yses. The films exhibit a quantum efficiency between 7.5 to 9 % at 266 nm wavelength.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOMS027
About •	Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 06 July 2022
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MOPOMS039	Study of Material Choice in Beam Dumps for Energetic Electron Beams	electron, linac, neutron, scattering	721
	D. Zhu, R.T. Dowd, Y.E. Tan AS - ANSTO, Clayton, Australia
	Lead is typically used as the initial target in a design for beam dumps for high energy electron beams (>20 MeV). Electron beams with energies above 20 MeV are usually built within concrete bunkers and therefore the design of any beam dump would just be a lead block (very cost effective) as close to the electron source as possible, after a vacuum flange of some sort. In a study of a hypothetical 100 MeV electron beam inside a concrete bunker with an extremely low dose rate constraint outside the bunker, the thickness of lead required would have been too restrictive for a compact design. In this study we investigate the potential benefits of designs that incorpo-rate low Z materials like graphite as the primary target material in vacuum followed by progressively higher Z materials up to lead. The results show the more diffuse elastic scattering from the primary target reduces the back scattered photons and reduces the overall neutron genera-tion. The effect was a more compact design for the beam dump to meet the same dose rate constraint.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOMS039
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 09 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 19 June 2022
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MOPOMS046	Reliability Analysis of the HL-LHC Energy Extraction System	extraction, simulation, operation, monitoring	747
	M.R. Blaszkiewicz, A. Apollonio, T. Cartier-Michaud, B.I. Panev, M. Pojer, D. Wollmann CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	The energy extraction systems for the protection of the new HL-LHC superconducting magnet circuits are based on vacuum breakers. This technology allows to significantly reduce the switch opening time and increases the overall system reliability with reduced maintenance needs. This paper presents the results of detailed reliability studies performed on these new energy extraction systems. The study quantifies the risk of a failure which prevents correct protection of a magnet circuit and identifies the most critical components of the system. For this, the model considers factors such as block or component level failure probabilities, different maintenance strategies and repair procedures. The reliability simulations have been performed with AvailSim4, a novel Monte Carlo code for availability and reliability simulations. The results are compared with the system reliability requirements and provides insights into the most critical components.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOMS046
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 07 July 2022
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TUIYGD1	The Status of the ESS Project	ion-source, cryomodule, neutron, linac	792
	A. Jansson ESS, Lund, Sweden
	Funding: Talk given on behalf of the ESS Accelerator Collaboration. The European Spallation Source (ESS), currently under construction in Lund, Sweden, will be the world’s most powerful linear accelerator driving a neutron spallation source, with an ultimate beam average power of 5 MW at 2.0 GeV. The LINAC accelerates a proton beam of 62.5 mA peak current at 4 % duty cycle (2.86 ms at 14 Hz). The accelerator uses a normal conducting front-end bring-ing the beam energy to 90 MeV, beyond that the accelera-tion up to 2 GeV is performed using superconducting structures. The accelerator is built by a European collabo-ration consisting of 23 European institutes delivering in-kind contributions of most hardware but also of services for installation and testing. More than half of the original 510 Mâ¬ for the accelerator budget being in form of in-kind contributions. This talk will give an overview of the status of the ESS accelerator and comment on the chal-lenges the accelerator collaboration has encountered and how we together are addressing these challenges.
	Slides TUIYGD1 [23.318 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUIYGD1
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 11 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 20 June 2022
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TUIYGD3	FRIB Commissioning and Early Operations	MMI, linac, controls, operation	802
	J. Wei, H. Ao, S. Beher, G. Bollen, N.K. Bultman, F. Casagrande, W. Chang, Y. Choi, S. Cogan, C. Compton, M. Cortesi, J.C. Curtin, K.D. Davidson, X.-J. Du, K. Elliott, B. Ewert, A. Facco, A. Fila, K. Fukushima, V. Ganni, A. Ganshyn, T. Glasmacher, J.-W. Guo, Y. Hao, W. Hartung, N.M. Hasan, M. Hausmann, K. Holland, H.-C. Hseuh, M. Ikegami, D.D. Jager, S. Jones, N. Joseph, T. Kanemura, S.H. Kim, C. Knowles, P. Knudsen, T. Konomi, B.R. Kortum, T. Lange, M. Larmann, T.L. Larter, K. Laturkar, R.E. Laxdal, J. LeTourneau, Z. Li, S.M. Lidia, G. Machicoane, C. Magsig, P.E. Manwiller, F. Marti, T. Maruta, E.S. Metzgar, S.J. Miller, Y. Momozaki, D.G. Morris, M. Mugerian, I.N. Nesterenko, C. Nguyen, P.N. Ostroumov, M.S. Patil, A.S. Plastun, J.T. Popielarski, L. Popielarski, M. Portillo, J. Priller, X. Rao, M.A. Reaume, H.T. Ren, K. Saito, B.M. Sherrill, A. Stolz, B.P. Tousignant, R. Walker, X. Wang, J.D. Wenstrom, G. West, K. Witgen, M. Wright, T. Xu, T. Xu, Y. Yamazaki, T. Zhang, Q. Zhao, S. Zhao FRIB, East Lansing, Michigan, USA B. Arend, T.N. Ginter, E. Kwan, M.K. Smith, M. Steiner, O. Tarasov NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan, USA A. Facco INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy K. Hosoyama KEK, Ibaraki, Japan M.P. Kelly, Y. Momozaki ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA R.E. Laxdal TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada M. Wiseman JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
	Funding: Work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science under Cooperative Agreement DE-SC0000661. The Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) project has completed technical construction in January 2022, five months ahead of schedule baselined about 10 years ago. Beam commissioning has been planned in seven phases starting from 2017 when the normal-conducting ion source and RFQ were commissioned. In April 2021, FRIB driver linac commissioning was completed with heavy ion beams being accelerated to energies above 200 MeV/u using 324 superconducting radiofrequency (SRF) resonators contained in 46 cryomodules. In preparation for high-power operations, a liquid lithium charge strip-per was used to strip uranium beam from average charge state of 33+ to 78+, and multiple charge states were accelerated simultaneously in the linac. By January 2022, FRIB target and fragment separator commissioning was completed with rare-isotope beams produced and identified. In May 2022, the first FRIB user scientific experiment was successfully conducted. This talk summarizes the FRIB accelerator project commissioning and early operations experience with discussions on strategic planning, operational envelope conformance, technical risk mitigation, and lessons learned.
	Slides TUIYGD3 [23.483 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUIYGD3
About •	Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 06 July 2022
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TUIZSP2	The Muon Collider	collider, cavity, emittance, solenoid	821
	D. Schulte CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	Muon colliders are considered nowadays in the landscape of future lepton colliders. Since the MAP project in USA, an important effort is being made in Europe to identify the neccesary R&D to advance towards a Conceptual Design Report in the next years. The talk will review the status of the technologies and accelerator designs and will present the R&D plans.
	Slides TUIZSP2 [15.641 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUIZSP2
About •	Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 21 June 2022
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TUPOST001	Parasitic Optimization of the Transfer Beamline Efficiency at ELSA	electron, synchrotron, injection, controls	835
	S. Witt, K. Desch, D. Elsner, D. Proft ELSA, Bonn, Germany
	The 3.2 GeV electron accelerator ELSA in Bonn consists of three acceleration stages each interconnected by tunable transfer beamlines. The steering of the electron beam through the transfer line from linear accelerator to the Booster Synchrotron is currently adjusted by hand, which limits a systematic improvement of the transfer efficiency. An automated optimization using the ‘‘simulated annealing’’ technique has been developed and integrated into the control system to improve the situation. It allows for a continuous optimization without interfering with usual beamtime for experiments by utilizing the 6s off-time in between injections into the stretcher ring. In a simulation using the actual accelerator’s settings as starting parameters, transmission rates have been increased significantly. The methods and results with the accelerator hardware are presented.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOST001
About •	Received ※ 06 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 16 June 2022
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TUPOST040	Automated Intensity Optimisation Using Reinforcement Learning at LEIR	linac, injection, operation, electron	941
	N. Madysa, R. Alemany-Fernández, N. Biancacci, B. Goddard, V. Kain, F.M. Velotti CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	High intensities in the CERN Low Energy Ion Ring (LEIR) are achieved by stacking up to seven consecutive multi-turn injections from Linac3. Two inclined septa combined with a collapsing horizontal orbit bump allow a 6-D phase space painting via a linearly ramped mean momentum along the Linac3 pulse and injection at high dispersion. The beam is cooled and dragged longitudinally via electron cooling (e-cooling) into a stacking momentum. For optimal accumulation, the electron energy and trajectory need to match the ion energy and orbit at the e-cooler section. In this paper, a reinforcement learning (RL) agent is trained to adjust various e-cooler and Linac3 parameters to maximise the intensity at the end of the injection plateau. Variational Auto-Encoders (VAE) are used to compress longitudinal Schottky spectra into a compact representation as input for the RL agent. The RL agent is pre-trained on a surrogate model of the LEIR e-cooling dynamics, which in turn is learned from the data collected for the training of the VAE. The performance of the VAE, the surrogate model, and the RL agent is investigated in this paper. An overview of planned tests in the upcoming LEIR runs is given.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOST040
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 10 July 2022
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TUPOST042	Towards the Automatic Setup of Longitudinal Emittance Blow-Up in the CERN SPS	controls, simulation, emittance, interface	949
	N. Bruchon, I. Karpov, N. Madysa, G. Papotti, D. Quartullo, C. Zisou CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland C. Zisou AUTH, Thessaloniki, Greece
	Controlled longitudinal emittance blow-up in the CERN SPS is necessary to stabilize high-intensity beams for the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) by increasing the synchrotron frequency spread. The process consists of injecting bandwidth-limited noise into the main RF phase loop to diffuse particles in the core of the bunch. The setting up of the noise parameters, such as frequency band and amplitude, is a non-trivial and time-consuming procedure that has been performed manually so far. In this preliminary study, several optimization methods are investigated to set up the noise parameters automatically. We apply the CERN Common Optimization Interfaces as a generic framework for the optimization algorithm. Single-bunch profiles generated with the BLonD simulation code have been used to investigate the optimization algorithms offline. Furthermore, analysis has been carried out on measured bunch profiles in the SPS to define the problem constraints and properly formulate the objective function.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOST042
About •	Received ※ 31 May 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 17 June 2022
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TUPOPT034	Modelling of X-Ray Volume Excitation of the XLO Gain Medium Using Flash	laser, plasma, simulation, electron	1081
	P. Manwani, N. Majernik, B. Naranjo, J.B. Rosenzweig UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA E.C. Galtier, A. Halavanau, C. Pellegrini SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
	Funding: This work was performed with the support of the US Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-76SF00515 and DESC0009914. Plasma dynamics and crater formation of laser excited volumes in solids is a complex process due to thermalization, shockwave formation, varying absorption mechanisms, and a wide range of relevant physics timescales. The properties and interaction of such laser-matter systems can be modeled using an equation of state and opacity based multi-temperature treatment of plasma using a radiation hydrodynamics code. Here, we use FLASH, an adaptive mesh radiation-hydrodynamics code, to simulate the plasma expansion following after the initial energy deposition and thermalization of the column, to benchmark the results of experiments undertaken at UCLA on optical laser ablation. These computational results help develop a quantitative understanding of the material excitation process and enable the optimization of the gain medium delivery system for the x-ray laser oscillator project . Halavanau, Aliaksei, et al. "Population Inversion X-Ray Laser Oscillator." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 117, no. 27, 2020, pp. 15511-15516.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOPT034
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 16 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 18 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 24 June 2022
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TUPOPT047	Progress Report on Population Inversion X-Ray Laser Oscillator at LCLS	cavity, laser, experiment, FEL	1107
	A. Halavanau, R. Alonso-Mori, A. Aquila, U. Bergmann, F.-J. Decker, F. Fuller, M. Liang, A.A. Lutman, R.A. Margraf, R.H. Paul, C. Pellegrini SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA R. Ash, N.B. Welke UW-Madison/PD, Madison, Wisconsin, USA A.I. Benediktovitch DESY, Hamburg, Germany S.C. Krusic JSI, Ljubljana, Slovenia N. Majernik, P. Manwani, J.B. Rosenzweig UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA R. Robles Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA N. Rohringer Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
	We report the progress in the design and construction of a population inversion x-ray laser oscillator (XLO) using LCLS as an x-ray laser pump, being developed by a SLAC, CFEL, University of Hamburg (Germany), University of Wisconsin, Josef Stefan Institute (Slovenia) and UCLA collaboration. In this proceeding, we will present the latest XLO design and numerical simulations substantiated by our first experimental results. In our next experimental step XLO will be tested on the Coherent X-ray Imaging (CXI) end-station at LCLS as a two pass Regenerative Amplifier operating at the Copper K_α1 photon energy of 8048 eV. When built, XLO will generate fully coherent transform limited pulses with about 50 meV FWHM bandwidth. We expect the XLO will pave the way for new user experiments, e.g. in inelastic x-ray scattering, parametric down conversion, quantum science, x-ray interferometry, and external hard x-ray XFEL seeding.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOPT047
About •	Received ※ 12 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 24 June 2022
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TUPOTK016	HiPIMS-Coated Novel S(I)S Multilayers for SRF Cavities	SRF, cavity, niobium, cathode	1234
	A.Ö. Sezgin, X. Jiang, M. Vogel University Siegen, Siegen, Germany I. González Díaz-Palacio, R. Zierold University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany S. Keckert, J. Knobloch, O. Kugeler, D.B. Tikhonov HZB, Berlin, Germany J. Knobloch University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany R. Ries, E. Seiler Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
	Funding: Material syntheses and characterizations via SMART, BMBF, Germany (05K19PSA). Superconducting characterizations via iFAST, H2020, EU (101004730). Part of this work via the MNaF, University of Siegen. Pushing beyond the existing bulk niobium SRF cavities is indispensable along the path towards obtaining more sustainable next generation compact particle accelerators. One of the promising candidates to push the limits of the bulk niobium is thin film-based multilayer structures in the form of superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS). In this work, S(I)S multilayer structures were coated by high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS), having industrial upscaling potential along with provid-ing higher quality films with respect to conventional magnetron sputtering techniques (e.g., DCMS), combined with (PE)-ALD techniques for deposition of the ex-situ insulating layers. On the path towards formulating opti-mized recipes for these materials to be coated on the inner walls of (S)RF cavities, the research focuses on innovat-ing the best performing S(I)S multilayer structures con-sisting of alternating superconducting thin films (e.g., NbN) with insulating layers of metal nitrides (e.g., AlN) and/or metal oxides (e.g., AlxOy) on niobium lay-ers/substrates (i.e., Nb/AlN/NbN) in comparison to the so-called SS multilayer structures (i.e., Nb/NbN). This con-tribution presents the initial materials and superconduct-ing and RF characterization results of the aforementioned multilayer systems on flat samples.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOTK016
About •	Received ※ 11 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 18 June 2022
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TUPOTK031	A First 6 GHz Cavity Deposition with B1 Superconducting Thin Film at ASTeC	cavity, SRF, controls, site	1279
	R. Valizadeh, A.N. Hannah, O.B. Malyshev STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom E. Chyhyrynets, V.A. Garcia Diaz, C. Pira INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy V.R. Dhanak The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom O.B. Malyshev Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom G.B.G. Stenning STFC/RAL/ISIS, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom
	Nb₃Sn, NbTiN and NbN are superconductors with critical temperatures of 18.3, 12.6-17 and 11.6-17.5 K, respectively, these are higher than that of Nb at 9.3 K. Hence, at 4 K, they have an RF resistance, an order of magnitude lower than that of Nb, which leads to quality factors above those of Nb. In recent years, there has been an extensive effort converting Nb cavities into Nb₃Sn. Alloying the top inner layer of the cavity using Sn diffusion at a high temperature has had some degree of success, however, the reproducibility remains a major hindering and limiting factor. In this study, we report on the PVD deposition of NbTiN inside a 6 GHz cavity, using an external magnetic coil configuration. The deposition is done at an elevated temperature of about 650 C. We report on the superconducting properties, film structure and its stoichiometry and surface chemical state. The films have been characterised with SEM, XRD, XPS, EDS and SQUID magnetometer.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOTK031
About •	Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 09 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 06 July 2022
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WEIXSP1	Towards High-Repetition Rate Petawatt Laser Experiments with Cryogenic Jets Using a Mechanical Chopper System	laser, proton, experiment, plasma	1594
	M. Rehwald, S. Assenbaum, C. Bernert, U. Schramm, K. Zeil HZDR, Dresden, Germany C.B. Curry, M. Gauthier, S.H. Glenzer, C. Schoenwaelder, F. Treffert SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA S. Göde EuXFEL, Schenefeld, Germany
	Laser-plasma based ion accelerators require suitable high-repetition rate target systems that enable systematic studies at controlled plasma conditions and application-relevant particle flux. Self-refreshing, micrometer-sized cryogenic jets have proven to be an ideal target platform. Yet, operation of such systems in the harsh environmental conditions of high power laser induced plasma experiments have turned out to be challenging. Here we report on recent experiments deploying a cryogenic hydrogen jet as a source of pure proton beams generated with the PW-class ultrashort pulse laser DRACO. Damage to the jet target system during application of full energy laser shots was prevented by implementation of a mechanical chopper system interrupting the direct line of sight between the laser plasma interaction zone and the jet source.
	Slides WEIXSP1 [4.896 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEIXSP1
About •	Received ※ 16 May 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 15 June 2022
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WEOXSP1	Proposal for a Compact Neutron Generator Based on a Negative Deuterium Ion Beam	neutron, ion-source, electron, radiation	1599
	K. Jimbo, T. Shirai QST-NIRS, Chiba, Japan K. Leung LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA K.A. Van Bibber UCB, Berkeley, California, USA
	Interest in high intensity generators of neutrons for basic and applied science has been growing, and thus the demand for an economical neutron generator has been growing. A major driver for the development of high intensity neutron generators are studies of neutron disturbance in integrated circuits, for which a compact generator that can be easily accommodated in an ordinary size lab would be highly desirable. We have investigated possible designs for neutron generators based on the D-D fusion reaction, which produce direction dependent mono-energetic neutrons with carry-off energy larger than 2.45 MeV. Specifically, we find a negative deuterium ion beam most attractive for this application, and plan to construct such a system with a negative deuterium ion beam of 200 keV energy and 100 mA current as a prototype of this concept.
	Slides WEOXSP1 [2.581 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEOXSP1
About •	Received ※ 17 May 2022 — Revised ※ 11 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 01 July 2022
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WEPOST009	Muon Collider Based on Gamma Factory, FCC-ee and Plasma Target	plasma, positron, electron, emittance	1691
	F. Zimmermann, A. Latina CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland M. Antonelli, M. Boscolo LNF-INFN, Frascati, Italy A.P. Blondel DPNC, Genève, Switzerland J.P. Farmer MPI-P, München, Germany
	Funding: This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme under Grant Agreement No 101004730 (iFAST). The LEMMA-type muon collider generates muon pairs by the annihilation of 45 GeV positrons with electrons at rest. Due to the small cross section, an extremely high rate of positrons is required, which could be achieved by a ’Gamma factory’ based on the LHC. Other challenges with the LEMMA-type muon production scheme include the emittance preservation of muons and muon-generating positrons upon multiple traversals through a target, and the merging of many separate muon bunchlets. These two challenges may potentially be overcome by (1) operating the FCC-ee booster with a barrier bucket and induction acceleration, so that all positrons of a production cycle are merged into one single superbunch instead of storing ~10,000 separate bunches; and (2) sending the positron superbunch into a plasma target. During the passage of the positron superbunch, the electron density is enhanced 100–1000 fold without any increase in the density of nuclei, so that beamstrahlung and Coulomb scattering are essentially absent. We investigate prospects and difficulties of this approach, including emittance growth due to filamentation in the nonlinear plasma channel and due to positron self-modulation.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOST009
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 23 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 23 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 05 July 2022
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WEPOST014	Studies on Pre-Computation of SPS-to-LHC Transfer Line Corrections	injection, extraction, proton, closed-orbit	1711
	C. Bracco, F.M. Velotti CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	The injection process in the LHC gives a non-negligible contribution to the turnaround time between two consecutive physics fills. Mainly due to orbit drifts in the SPS, the steering of the SPS-to-LHC transfer lines (TL) had to be regularly performed in view of minimising injection oscillations and losses, which otherwise would trigger beam dumps. Moreover, for machine protection purposes, a maximum of twelve bunches had to be injected after any TL steering to validate the actual applied corrections. This implied at several occasions the need to interrupt a fill to steer the lines and introduced a further delay between fills. Studies were performed to evaluate the option of pre-calculating the required TL corrections based on SPS orbit measurements during the LHC magnet ramp down and the reconstruction of the beam position and angle at the SPS extraction point.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOST014
About •	Received ※ 06 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 16 June 2022
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WEPOST021	Theoretical Study of Laser Energy Absorption Towards Energetic Proton and Electron Sources	laser, electron, proton, simulation	1737
	I.M. Vladisavlevici, E. d’Humières CELIA, Talence, France D. Vizman West University of Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
	Funding: This work was supported by Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research PN 75/2018, Agence Nationale de la Recherche project ANR-17-CE30-0026-Pinnacle, WUT - JINR collaboration project 05-6-1119-2014/2023 (2/2019; 86/2020; 10³/2021) and Erasmus+ Student grant (2018/2019; 2019/2020; 2020/2021). Our main goal is to describe and model the energy transfer from laser to particles, from the transparent to less transparent regime of laser-plasma interaction in the ultra-high intensity regime, and using the results obtained to optimize laser ion acceleration. We investigate the case of an ultra high intensity (10²² W/cm²) ultra short (20 fs) laser pulse interacting with a near-critical density plasma made of electrons and protons of density 5 n_c (where n_c = 1.1·10²¹ cm^-3 is the critical density for a laser wavelength of 1 µm). Through 2D particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations, we study the optimal target thickness for the maximum conversion efficiency of the laser energy to particles. Theoretical modelling of the predominant laser-plasma interaction mechanisms predicts the particle energy and conversion efficiency optimization. Our studies led to an optimization of the target thickness for maximizing electron and proton acceleration.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOST021
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 08 July 2022
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WEPOST023	Design of a Very Low Energy Beamline for NA61/SHINE	experiment, optics, detector, radiation	1741
	C.A. Mussolini, N. Charitonidis CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland P. Burrows, C.A. Mussolini JAI, Oxford, United Kingdom P. Burrows, C.A. Mussolini Oxford University, Physics Department, Oxford, Oxon, United Kingdom Y. Nagai Colorado University at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA E.D. Zimmerman CIPS, Boulder, Colorado, USA
	A new, low-energy branch is being designed for the H₂ beamline at the CERN North Experimental Area. This new low-energy branch would extend the capabilities of the current infrastructure enabling the study of particles in the low, 1 - 13 GeV/c, momentum range. The first experiment to profit from this new line will be NA61/SHINE (SPS Heavy Ion and Neutrino Experiment), a multi-purpose experiment studying hadron production in hadron-proton, hadron-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions at the SPS. However, other future fixed target experiments or test-beam experiments installed in the downstream zones could also benefit from the low-energy particles provided. The proposed layout and expected performance of this line, along with estimates of particle rates, and considerations on the technical implementation of the beamline are presented in this contribution. A description on the instrumentation, which will enable particle-by-particle tagging, crucial for the experiments scope, is also discussed.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOST023
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 29 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 05 July 2022
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WEPOST024	Physics Beyond Colliders: The Conventional Beams Working Group	experiment, proton, optics, kaon	1745
	C.A. Mussolini, D. Banerjee, A. Baratto Roldan, J. Bernhard, M. Brugger, N. Charitonidis, G.L. D’Alessandro, L. Gatignon, A. Gerbershagen, F. Metzger, R.P. Murphy, E.G. Parozzi, S.M. Schuh-Erhard, F.W. Stummer, M.W.U. Van Dijk CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland F. Metzger HISKP, Bonn, Germany R.P. Murphy, F.W. Stummer Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey, United Kingdom C.A. Mussolini, F.W. Stummer JAI, Oxford, United Kingdom C.A. Mussolini Oxford University, Physics Department, Oxford, Oxon, United Kingdom E.G. Parozzi Universita Milano Bicocca, MILANO, Italy E.G. Parozzi INFN MIB, MILANO, Italy
	The Physics Beyond Colliders initiative aims to exploit the full scientific potential of the CERN accelerator complex and its scientific infrastructure for particle physics studies, complementary to current and future collider experiments. Several experiments have been proposed to fully utilize and further advance the beam options for the existing fixed target experiments present in the North and East Experimental Areas of the CERN SPS and PS accelerators. We report on progress with the RF-separated beam option for the AMBER experiment, following a recent workshop on this topic. In addition we cover the status of studies for ion beams for the NA⁶⁰⁺ experiment, as well as of those for high intensity beams for Kaon physics and feebly interacting particle searches. With first beams available in 2021 after a CERN-wide long shutdown, several muon beam options were already tested for the NA64mu, MUonE and AMBER experiments.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOST024
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 23 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 10 July 2022
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WEPOST032	Status Report of the 50 MeV LPA-Based Injector at ATHENA for a Compact Storage Ring	plasma, laser, electron, storage-ring	1768
	E. Panofski, C. Braun, J. Dirkwinkel, J.B. Gonzalez, T. Hülsenbusch, A.R. Maier, J. Osterhoff, G. Palmer, P.A. Walker, P. Winkler DESY, Hamburg, Germany E. Bründermann, B. Härer, A.-S. Müller, A.I. Papash, C. Widmann KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany T.F.J. Eichner, L. Hübner, S. Jalas, L. Jeppe, M. Kirchen, P. Messner, M. Schnepp, M. Trunk, C.M. Werle University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany M. Kaluza, A. Sävert HIJ, Jena, Germany
	Laser-based plasma accelerators (LPA) have successfully demonstrated their capability to generate high-energy electron beams with intrinsically short bunch lengths and high peak currents at a setup with a small footprint. These properties make them attractive drivers for a broad range of different applications including injectors for rf-driven, ring-based light sources. In close collaboration the Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) and the Helmholtz Institute Jena aim to develop a 50 MeV plasma injector and demonstrate the injection into a compact storage ring. This storage ring will be built within the project cSTART at KIT. As part of the ATHENA (Accelerator Technology HElmholtz iNfrAstructure) project, DESY will design, setup and operate a 50 MeV plasma injector prototype for this endeavor. This contribution gives a status update of the 50 MeV LPA-based injector and presents a first layout of the prototype design at DESY in Hamburg.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOST032
About •	Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 11 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 12 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 14 June 2022
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WEPOST043	An Effective-Density Model for Accelerating Fields in Laser-Graphene Interactions	laser, plasma, electron, simulation	1795
	C. Bonțoiu, O. Apsimon, E. Kukstas, C.P. Welsch, M. Yadav The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom A. Bonatto Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil J. Resta-López ICMUV, Paterna, Spain G.X. Xia UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom
	Funding: This work was supported by STFC Liverpool Centre for Doctoral Training on Data Intensive Science (LIV. DAT) With the advancement of high-power UV laser technology, the use of nanostructures for particle acceleration attracts renewed interest due to its possibility of achieving TV/m accelerating gradients in solid state plasmas. Electron acceleration in ionized materials such as carbon nanotubes and graphene is currently considered as a potential alternative to the usual laser wakefield acceleration (LWFA) schemes. An evaluation of the suitability of a graphene target for LWFA can be carried out using an effective density model, thus replacing the need to model each layer. We present a 2D evaluation of the longitudinal electric field driven by a short UV laser pulse in a multi-layer graphene structure, showing that longitudinal fields of ~5 TV/m are achievable.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOST043
About •	Received ※ 20 May 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 20 June 2022
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WEPOPT015	Study of Hydrodynamic-Tunnelling Effects Induced by High-Energy Proton Beams in Graphite	simulation, proton, coupling, hadron	1870
	C. Wiesner, F. Carra, J. Don, I. Kolthoff, A. Lechner, S.R. Rasile, D. Wollmann CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	The design and assessment of machine-protection systems for existing and future high-energy accelerators comprises the study of accidental beam impact on machine elements. In case of a direct impact of a large number of high-energy particle bunches in one location, the damage range in the material is significantly increased due to an effect known as hydrodynamic tunnelling. The effect is caused by the beam-induced reduction of the material density along the beam trajectory, which allows subsequent bunches to penetrate deeper into the target. The assessment of the damage range requires the sequential coupling of an energy-deposition code, like FLUKA, and a hydrodynamic code, like Autodyn. The paper presents the simulations performed for the impact of the nominal LHC beam at 7 TeV on a graphite target. It describes the optimisation of the simulation setup and the required coupling workflow. The resulting energy deposition and the evolution of the target density are discussed.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOPT015
About •	Received ※ 20 May 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 02 July 2022
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WEPOPT033	Report of RHIC Beam Operation in 2021	operation, luminosity, electron, experiment	1912
	C. Liu, P. Adams, E.N. Beebe, S. Binello, I. Blackler, M. Blaskiewicz, K.A. Brown, D. Bruno, B.D. Coe, K.A. Drees, A.V. Fedotov, W. Fischer, C.J. Gardner, C.E. Giorgio, X. Gu, T. Hayes, K. Hock, H. Huang, R.L. Hulsart, T. Kanesue, D. Kayran, N.A. Kling, B. Lepore, Y. Luo, D. Maffei, G.J. Marr, A. Marusic, K. Mernick, R.J. Michnoff, M.G. Minty, J. Morris, C. Naylor, S. Nemesure, M. Okamura, I. Pinayev, S. Polizzo, D. Raparia, G. Robert-Demolaize, T. Roser, J. Sandberg, V. Schoefer, S. Seletskiy, F. Severino, T.C. Shrey, P. Thieberger, M. Valette, A. Zaltsman, I. Zane, K. Zeno, W. Zhang BNL, Upton, New York, USA
	Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy. The first priority of RHIC operation in 2021 was the Au+Au collisions at 3.85 GeV/nucleon, which is the lowest energy to complete the 3-year Beam Energy Scan II physics program, with RF-based electron cooling. In addition, RHIC also operated for several other physics programs including fixed target experiments, O+O at 100 GeV/nucleon, Au+Au at 8.65 GeV/nucleon, and d+Au at 100 GeV/nucleon. This report presents the operational experience and the results from RHIC operation in 2021. With Au+Au collisions at 3.85 GeV/nucleon reported in a separate report, this paper focuses on the operation conditions for the other programs mentioned above.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOPT033
About •	Received ※ 06 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 05 July 2022
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WEPOPT054	Target Studies for the FCC-ee Positron Source	radiation, positron, electron, photon	1979
	F. Alharthi, I. Chaikovska, R. Chehab, S. Ogur, A. Ushakov, S. Wallon Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France L. Bandiera, A. Mazzolari, M. Romagnoni, A.I. Sytov INFN-Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy J. Diefenbach, W. Lauth IKP, Mainz, Germany O. Khomyshyn Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine D.M. Klekots National Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv, The Faculty of Physics, Kyiv, Ukraine V.V. Mytrochenko NSC/KIPT, Kharkov, Ukraine P. Sievers, Y. Zhao CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland M. Soldani Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
	FCC-ee injector study foresees 3.5~nC electron and positron bunches with 200 Hz repetition and 2 bunches per linac pulse at 6~GeV extraction energy. Regarding the possible options of positron production, we retain both of the conventional amorphous target and the hybrid target options. The hybrid scheme uses an intense photon production by 6 GeV electrons impinging on a crystal oriented along a lattice axis. In such a way, it involves two targets: a crystal as a photon radiator and an amorphous target-converter. Therefore, to avoid early failure or damage of the target, the candidate materials for the crystal and conversion targets have started to be tested by using the intense electron beam at Mainzer Mikrotron in Germany by the end of 2021. By manipulating the beam intensity, focusing, and chopping, a Peak Energy Deposition Density in the tested targets could be achieved close to that generated by the electron/photon beam in the FCC-ee positron target. Radiation-damage studies of the crystal sample have been also performed allowing estimating the effect on the photon enhancement used in the hybrid positron source.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOPT054
About •	Received ※ 16 June 2022 — Revised ※ 16 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 21 June 2022
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WEPOPT059	Corrections of Systematic Normal Decapole Field Errors in the HL-LHC Separation/Recombination Dipoles	resonance, dynamic-aperture, simulation, dipole	1991
	J. Dilly, M. Giovannozzi, R. Tomás García, F.F. Van der Veken CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	Funding: This work has been supported by the HiLumi Project and been sponsored by the Wolfgang Gentner Programme of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Re-search. Magnetic measurements revealed that the normal decapole (b5) errors of the recombination dipoles (D2) could have a systematic component of up to 11 units. Based on previous studies, it was predicted that the current corrections would not be able to compensate this, thereby leading to a degradation of the dynamic aperture by about 0.5 - 1 ’. On the other hand, the separation dipole D1 is expected to have a systematic b5 component of 6-7 units and its contribution to the resonance driving terms will partly compensate the effect of D2, due to the opposite field strength of the main component. Simulations were performed with the HL-LHC V1.4 lattice to test these concerns and to verify the compensation assumption. In addition, various normal decapole resonance driving terms were examined for correction, the results of which are presented in this contribution.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOPT059
About •	Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 03 July 2022
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WEPOPT060	Controlling Landau Damping via Feed-Down From High-Order Correctors in the LHC and HL-LHC	optics, simulation, MMI, controls	1995
	J. Dilly, E.H. Maclean, R. Tomás García CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	Funding: This work has been supported by the HiLumi Project and been sponsored by the Wolfgang Gentner Programme of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Re-search. Amplitude detuning measurements in the LHC have shown that a significant amount of detuning is generated in Beam 1 via feed-down from decapole and dodecapole field errors in the triplets of the experiment insertion regions, while in Beam 2 this detuning is negligible. In this study, we investigate the cause of this behavior and we attempt to find corrections that use the feed-down from the nonlinear correctors in the insertion region for amplitude detuning.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOPT060
About •	Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 06 July 2022
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WEPOPT062	Optimisation of the FCC-ee Positron Source Using a HTS Solenoid Matching Device	positron, solenoid, linac, simulation	2003
	Y. Zhao, S. Döbert, A. Latina, S. Ogur CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland B. Auchmann, P. Craievich, J. Kosse, R. Zennaro PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland I. Chaikovska, R. Chehab Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France M. Duda IFJ-PAN, Kraków, Poland P.V. Martyshkin BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
	In this paper, we present the simulation and optimisation of the FCC-ee positron source, where a high-temperature superconducting (HTS) solenoid is used as the matching device to collect positrons from the target. The "conventional" target scheme is used which simply consists of amorphous tungsten. The target is placed inside the bore of the HTS solenoid to improve the accepted positron yield at the entrance of the damping ring and the location of the target is optimised. The latest recommended baseline beam parameters are used and presented. An optimisation of the ideal positron yield using the analytic SC solenoid on-axis field is also performed and shows that the design of the HTS solenoid is optimal as far as the accepted positron yield is concerned.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOPT062
About •	Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 16 June 2022
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WEPOTK006	Proton Beamline Simulations for the High Intensity Muon Beamline at PSI	simulation, proton, optics, cyclotron	2036
	M. Haj Tahar, D.C. Kiselev, A. Knecht, D. Laube, D. Reggiani, J. Snuverink, V. Talanov PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
	The High Intensity Proton Accelerator (HIPA) cyclotron at the Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) delivers 590 MeV CW proton beam with a maximum power of 1.42 MW. After extraction, the beam is transferred in a 120 m long channel towards two target stations (TgM and TgE) before depositing its remaining power at the spallation target SINQ for neutron production. As part of the High Intensity Muon Beamline (HIMB) feasibility study, which belongs to the IMPACT (Isotope and Muon Production using Advanced Cyclotron and Target technologies) initiative, the first of these targets will be replaced with a thicker one and its geometry opti- mized thereby specifically boosting the emission of surface muons. In order to assess the impact of the changes on the proton beamline, BDSIM/GEANT4 simulations were performed with the realistic technical design of the target insert, the collimation system was redesigned and the power depositions were benchmarked with MCNP6. In this paper, we discuss the major changes and challenges for HIMB as well as the key considerations in redesigning the optics of the high power beam in the vicinity of the target stations.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOTK006
About •	Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 09 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 27 June 2022
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WEPOTK008	Future Neutrino Beam Studies Under the Framework of Physics Beyond Colliders	focusing, experiment, background, detector	2044
	E.G. Parozzi Universita Milano Bicocca, MILANO, Italy J. Bernhard, M. Brugger, N. Charitonidis, C.A. Mussolini, M.L.A. Perrin-Terrin CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland C.A. Mussolini JAI, Oxford, United Kingdom Y. Nagai ELTE, Budapest, Hungary Y. Nagai Colorado University at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
	A Physics Beyond Colliders (PBC) initiative was recently established at CERN to exploit the full scientific potential of its accelerator complex and scientific infrastructure to tackle fundamental open questions in particle physics through experiments complementary to those in current and future colliders. This initiative brings together similar studies to optimize resources globally in order to reach a common goal and promote scientific development efficiently. In this work, we present the work performed by the Conventional Beam Working Group (CBWG) and specifically from the Neutrino Beams (NB) subgroup. The subgroup currently deals with two novel neutrino-tagged beams projects, ENUBET and NUTAG, as well as with a more classic, low energy, beamline dedicated to hadron cross-sections for neutrino beams with the NA61 experiment already installed in the H₂ beamline of the CERN North Area. This contribution will detail the advances made with these three projects as well as their status and future plans.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOTK008
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 17 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 23 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 27 June 2022
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WEPOTK019	Status of the Laser Ion Source Upgrade (LION2) at BNL	solenoid, laser, extraction, plasma	2087
	T. Kanesue, B.D. Coe, S. Ikeda, S.A. Kondrashev, C.J. Liaw, M. Okamura, R.H. Olsen, T. Rodowicz, R. Schoepfer, L. Smart, D. Weiss, Y. Zhang BNL, Upton, New York, USA A. Cannavò NPI, Řež near Prague, Czech Republic
	Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy, and by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. A laser ion source (LION) at Brookhaven National Labor-atory (BNL) has been operational since 2014 to provide low charge state heavy ions of various species for Rela-tivistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL). Pulsed ion beams (100~300 µs) with beam current ranging from 100 µA to 1 mA from any solid-state targets can be supplied without memory effect of previous beams at pulse-by-pulse basis. LION is an essential device for the operation of a galactic cosmic ray simulator at NSRL together with high-performance beams for RHIC. Because the importance of LION has been widely recognized, an upgraded version of LION, which is called LION2, is being developed for improved performance and reliability. The design and status of the LION2 will be shown.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOTK019
About •	Received ※ 15 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 17 June 2022
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WEPOTK033	Layouts for Feasibility Studies of Fixed-Target Experiments at the LHC	experiment, dipole, proton, collimation	2134
	P.D. Hermes, K.A. Dewhurst, A.S. Fomin, D. Mirarchi, S. Redaelli CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	The Physics Beyond Colliders (PBC) study investigates means of exploiting the potential of the CERN accelerator complex to complement the laboratory’s scientific programme at the main Large Hadron Collider (LHC) experiments. The LHC fixed-target (FT) working group studies new experiments at beam energies up to 7 TeV. One of the proposed experiments is based on a bent crystal, part of the collimation hierarchy, to extract secondary halo particles and steer them onto a target. A second bent crystal immediately downstream of the target is used to study electric and magnetic dipole moments of short-lived baryons. The possibility to install a test stand in the LHC off-momentum collimation Insertion Region (IR3) to demonstrate the feasibility and performance of this challenging scheme is currently under investigation. The integration of a spectrometer magnet into the present layout is particularly critical. In this contribution, we study a possible test setup that could be used in LHC Run 3.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOTK033
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 28 June 2022
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WEPOMS046	Machine Learning-Based Modeling of Muon Beam Ionization Cooling	emittance, simulation, lattice, collider	2354
	E. Fol, D. Schulte CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland C.T. Rogers STFC/RAL/ISIS, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom
	Surrogate modeling can lead to significant improvements of beam dynamics simulations in terms of computational time and resources. Application of supervised machine learning, using collected simulation data allows to build surrogate models which can estimate beam parameters evolution based on the provided cooling channel design. The created models help to understand the correlations between different lattice components and the importance of specific beam properties for the cooling performance. We present the application of surrogate modeling to enhance final muon cooling design studies, demonstrating the potential of such approach to be integrated into the design and optimization of other components of future colliders.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOMS046
About •	Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 28 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 04 July 2022 — Issue date ※ 05 July 2022
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THPOST035	Status of the Engineering Design of the IFMIF-DONES High Energy Beam Transport Line and Beam Dump System	vacuum, beam-transport, diagnostics, neutron	2520
	D. Sánchez-Herranz, O. Nomen, M. Sanmartí, B.K. Singh IREC, Sant Adria del Besos, Spain F. Arranz, C. Oliver, I. Podadera CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain P. Cara IFMIF/EVEDA, Rokkasho, Japan V. Hauer KIT, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany F. Ogando UNED, Madrid, Spain D. Sánchez-Herranz UGR, Granada, Spain
	Funding: Work performed within framework of EUROfusion Consortium, funded by European Union via Euratom Research & Training Programme (Grant Agreement 101052200’EUROfusion). Views & opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Commission. Neither European Union nor European Commission can be held responsible for them. IFMIF-DONES plant (International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility ’ DEMO Oriented Neutron Source) will be an installation located in the south of Spain at Granada. Its objective is the fusion material testing by the generation of a neutron flux with a broad energy distribution covering the typical neutron spectrum of a (D-T) fusion reactor. This is achieved by the Li(d, xn) nuclear reactions occurring in a liquid lithium target where a 40 MeV at 125 mA deuteron beam with a variable rectangular beam footprint between 100mm x 50mm and 200mm x 50mm collides. The accelerator system is in charge of providing such high energy deuterons in order to produce the required neutron flux. The High Energy Beam Transport line is the last subsystem of the IFMIF-DONES accelerator and its main functions are to guide the deuteron beam towards the liquid lithium target and to shape it with the required rectangular reference beam footprint. The present work details the status of the HEBT engineering design, including beam dynamics, vacuum configuration, radioprotection, beam diagnostics devices and remote handling analyses performed detailing the layout and integration.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOST035
About •	Received ※ 19 May 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 14 June 2022
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THPOST037	Analysis with MECAmaster on the Chain of Design Tolerances for the Target Systems at the European Spallation Source - ESS	alignment, shielding, neutron, interface	2524
	A. Bignami, N. Gazis, S. Ghatnekar Nilsson ESS, Lund, Sweden B. Nicquevert CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	The European Spallation Source - ESS, has achieved its major construction in Lund, Sweden and is currently continuing in parallel to commissioning its first systems. ESS is characterized by installing and commissioning the most powerful proton LINear ACcelerator (LINAC) designed for neutron production and a 5MW Target system for the production of pulsed neutrons from spallation. The highly challenging and complex design of the Target and Neutron Scattering System (NSS) requires an in-depth analysis of the impact of the stringent manufacturing requirements and tight design tolerances. A campaign of several MECAmaster simulations was performed by ESS Target Division (TD) and Engineering and Integration Support (EIS) Division, focusing on those components that successively come close to their installation and are known for their criticality in terms of achieving the final installation tolerances. The aim of this current study is to investigate and statistically list the possibilities of eventual criticality on the assembly and installation processes, allowing for potential design optimization, tooling implementation and adjustment of the installation procedures.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOST037
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 11 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 02 July 2022
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THPOTK022	Cryogenic Infrastructure for the Mainz Energy-Recovering Superconducting Accelerator (MESA)	cryogenics, experiment, cryomodule, SRF	2813
	T. Stengler, K. Aulenbacher, F. Hug, P.S. Plattner, D. Simon KPH, Mainz, Germany
	Funding: Work supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG) under the Cluster of Excellence "PRISMA+" EXC 2118/2019 The "Mainz Energy-Recovering Superconducting Accelerator" (MESA), currently under construction at the Institute of Nuclear Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany, requires a cryogenic infrastructure for its superconducting components. Prior to the start of the project, a helium liquefier was purchased that is capable of supplying the existing infrastructure of the Institute for Nuclear Physics, as well as the SRF test facility of the Helmholtz Institute. The liquefier has already been purchased in such a way that nitrogen pre-cooling can be integrated and can be upgraded for the operation of MESA. In addition to the superconducting accelerator modules, all components of the P2 experiment, i.e. solenoid, target and polarimeter (hydromoller), must also be supplied with liquid helium. Therefore, besides the upgrade of the liquefier, it is necessary to extend the system with a dedicated cryogenic supply for the P2 target. This paper presents the current status of the cryogenic supply of the MESA accelerator, the future modifications and additions.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOTK022
About •	Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 06 July 2022
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THPOTK023	Ferrite Specification for the Mu2e 300 kHz and 4.4 MHz AC Dipole Magnets	proton, dipole, experiment, electron	2816
	K.P. Harrig, E. Prebys UCD, Davis, California, USA L. Elementi, C.C. Jensen, H. Pfeffer, D.A. Still, I. Terechkine, S.J. Werkema, M. Wong Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
	Funding: Work supported by by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, in addition to grant DE-SC0019254. The Mu2e experiment at Fermilab will measure the rate for neutrinoless-conversion of negative muons into electrons with never-before-seen precision. This experiment will use a pulsed 8 GeV proton beam with pulses separated by 1.7 µs. To suppress beam induced backgrounds to this process, a set of dipoles operating at 300 kHz and 4.4 MHz have been developed that will reduce the fraction of out-of-time protons at the level of 1E-10 or less. Selection of magnetic ferrite material for construction must be carefully considered given the high repetition rate and duty cycle that can lead to excess heating in conventional magnetic material. A model of the electromagnetic and thermal properties of candidate ferrite materials has been constructed. Magnetic permeability, inductance, and power loss were measured at the two operating frequencies in toroidal ferrite samples as well as in the ferrites from which prototype magnets were built. Additionally, the outgassing rates of the ferrite material was measured to determine vacuum compatibility. The outcome of this work is a detailed specification of the electrical and mechanical details of the ferrite material required for this application.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOTK023
About •	Received ※ 30 May 2022 — Revised ※ 11 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 23 June 2022
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THPOTK039	The Effect of Activation Duration on the Performance of Non-Evaporable Getter Coatings	vacuum, injection, ECR, experiment	2854
	E.A. Marshall, O.B. Malyshev, R. Valizadeh STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
	Non-evaporable getter (NEG) coatings can be activated at temperatures as low as 140°C. However, better pumping properties are achieved using higher temperatures, between 150-300 °C. This paper investigates whether using an increased activation duration can improve the NEG properties obtained using lower activation temperatures, and so decrease the energy and temperature requirement. This could allow a greater range of materials to be used in particle accelerator systems. Our findings have shown that increasing activation duration from 24 hrs to 1 week at 160 °C produces an improvement in the NEG pumping properties.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOTK039
About •	Received ※ 01 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 10 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 17 June 2022
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THPOTK048	Radiation Load Studies for the FCC-ee Positron Source with a Superconducting Matching Device	positron, collider, shielding, electron	2879
	B. Humann TU Vienna, Wien, Austria B. Auchmann, J. Kosse PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland I. Chaikovska, S. Ogur Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France B. Humann, A. Latina, A. Lechner, Y. Zhao CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	For an electron-positron collider like FCC-ee, the production of positrons plays a crucial role. One of the design options considered for the FCC-ee positron source employs a superconducting solenoid made of HTS coils as an adiabatic matching device. The solenoid, which is placed around the production target, is needed to capture positrons before they can be accelerated in a linear accelerator. A superconducting solenoid yields a higher peak field than a conventional-normal conducting magnetic flux concentrator, therefore increasing the achievable positron yield. In order to achieve an acceptable positron production, the considered target is made of tungsten-rhenium, which gives also a significant flux of un-wanted secondary particles, that in turn could generate a too large radiation load on the superconducting coils. In this study, we assess the feasibility of such a positron source by studying the heat load and long-term radiation damage in the superconducting matching device and surrounding structures. Results are presented for different geometric configurations of the superconducting matching device.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOTK048
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 07 July 2022
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THPOTK049	Irradiation of Low-Z Carbon-Based Materials with 440 GeV/c Proton Beam for High Energy & Intensity Beam Absorbers: The CERN HiRadMat-56-HED Experiment	experiment, proton, operation, simulation	2883
	P. Andreu Muñoz, M. Calviani, N. Charitonidis, A. Cherif, E.M. Farina, A.M. Krainer, A. Lechner, J. Maestre, F.-X. Nuiry, R. Seidenbinder, C. Torregrosa CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland P. Simon TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
	The beam stored energy and the peak intensity of CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will grow in the next few years. The former will increase from the 320 MJ values of Run2 (2015-2018) to almost 540 MJ during Run3 (2022 onwards) and 680 MJ during the HL-LHC era putting stringent requirements on beam intercepting devices, such as absorbers and dumps. The HiRadMat-56-HED (High-Energy Dumps) experiment performed in Autumn 2021 executed at CERN HiRadMat facility employed the Super Proton Synchrotron accelerator (SPS) 440 GeV/c proton beam to impact different low-density carbon-based materials targets to assess their performance to these higher energy beam conditions. The study focused on advanced grades of graphitic materials, including isostatic graphite, carbon-fiber reinforced carbon and carbon-SiC materials in addition to flexible expanded graphite. Some of them specifically tailored in collaboration with industry to very specific properties. The objectives of this experiment are: (i) to assess the performance of existing and potentially suitable advanced materials for the currently operating LHC beam dumps and (ii) to study alternative materials for the HL-LHC main dump or for the Future Circular Collider dump systems. The contribution will detail the R&D phase during design, the execution of the experiment, the pre-irradiation tests as well as the first post irradiation examination of the target materials. Lessons learnt and impact on operational devices will also be drawn.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOTK049
About •	Received ※ 03 June 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 04 July 2022
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THPOTK052	Muon Collider Graphite Target Studies and Demonstrator Layout Possibilities at CERN	collider, proton, shielding, radiation	2895
	F.J. Saura Esteban, M. Calviani, D. Calzolari, R. Franqueira Ximenes, A.M. Krainer, A. Lechner, R. Losito, D. Schulte CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland C.T. Rogers STFC/RAL/ISIS, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom
	Muon colliders offer enormous potential for research of the particle physics frontier. Leptons can be accelerated without suffering large synchrotron radiation losses. The International Muon Collider Collaboration is considering 3 and 10 TeV (CM) machines for a conceptual stage. In the core of the Muon Collider facility lays a MW class production target, which will absorb a high power (1 and 3 MW) proton beam to produce muons via pion decay. The target must withstand high dynamic thermal loads induced by 2 ns pulses at 5-50 Hz. Also, operational reliability must be guaranteed to reduce target exchanges to a minimum. Several technologies for these systems are being studied in different laboratories. We present in this paper the results of a preliminary feasibility study of a graphite-based target, and the different layouts under study for a demonstrator target complex at CERN. Synergies with advanced nuclear systems are being explored for the development of a liquid metal target.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOTK052
About •	Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 18 June 2022
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THPOTK053	Foiled Again: Solid-State Sample Delivery for High Repetition Rate XFELs	laser, FEL, experiment, controls	2899
	N. Majernik, N. Inzunza, P. Manwani, J.B. Rosenzweig UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA R.B. Agustsson, A. Moro RadiaBeam, Santa Monica, California, USA R. Ash, N.B. Welke UW-Madison/PD, Madison, Wisconsin, USA U. Bergmann, A. Halavanau, C. Pellegrini SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
	Funding: Department of Energy DE-SC0009914 and DE-AC02-76SF00515 XFELs today are capable of delivering high intensity pulse trains of x-rays with up-to MHz to sub-GHz frequency. These x-rays, when focused, can ablate a sample in a single shot, requiring the sample material to be replaced in time for the next shot. For some applications, especially serial crystallography, the sample may be renewed as a dilute solution in a high speed jet. Here, we describe the development and characterization of a system to deliver solid state sample material to an XFEL nanofocus. The first application of this system will be an x-ray laser oscillator operating at the copper Kα line with a ~30 ns cavity.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOTK053
About •	Received ※ 06 June 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 02 July 2022
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THPOTK058	CERN’s East Experimental Area: A New Modern Physics Facility	experiment, MMI, operation, secondary-beams	2911
	S. Evrard, D. Banerjee, J. Bernhard, F. Carvalho, S. Danzeca, M. Lazzaroni, B. Rae, G. Romagnoli CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	CERN’s East Area has hosted a variety of fixed-target experiments since the 1950s, using four beamlines from the Proton Synchrotron (PS). Over the past 4 years, the experimental area - CERN’s second largest - has undergone a complete makeover. New instrumentation and beamline configuration have improved the precision of data collection, and new magnets and power convertors have drastically reduced the area’s energy consumption. This article will summarize the major challenges encountered for the design of the renovated beamlines and for the preparation and test of the components. The infrastructure was carefully fitted resulting in a very smooth beam commissioning, the details of which will also be presented along with the restart of physics in the second half of 2021. With the return of the beams in the accelerator complex, the East Area’s experiments have taken physics measurements again and the facility’s central role in the modern physics landscape has been restored.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOTK058
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 05 July 2022
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THPOTK061	Machine Learning Approach to Temporal Pulse Shaping for the Photoinjector Laser at CLARA	laser, network, experiment, electron	2917
	A.E. Pollard, D.J. Dunning, W.A. Okell, E.W. Snedden STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
	The temporal profile of the electron bunch is of critical importance in accelerator areas such as free-electron lasers and novel acceleration. In FELs, it strongly influences factors including efficiency and the profile of the photon pulse generated for user experiments, while in novel acceleration techniques it contributes to enhanced interaction of the witness beam with the driving electric field. Work is in progress at the CLARA facility at Daresbury Laboratory on temporal shaping of the ultraviolet photoinjector laser, using a fused-silica acousto-optic modulator. Generating a user-defined (programmable) time-domain target profile requires finding the corresponding spectral phase configuration of the shaper; this is a non-trivial problem for complex pulse shapes. Physically informed machine learning models have shown great promise in learning complex relationships in physical systems, and so we apply machine learning techniques here to learn the relationships between the spectral phase and the target temporal intensity profiles. Our machine learning model extends the range of available photoinjector laser pulse shapes by allowing users to achieve physically realisable configurations for arbitrary temporal pulse shapes.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOTK061
About •	Received ※ 30 May 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 01 July 2022 — Issue date ※ 03 July 2022
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THPOMS006	A Carbon Minibeam Irradiation Facility Concept	radiation, proton, linac, quadrupole	2947
	M. Mayerhofer, G. Dollinger, M.A. Sammer Universität der Bundeswehr Muenchen, Neubiberg, Germany V. Bencini CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	In minibeam therapy, the sparing of deep-seated normal tissue is limited by transverse beam spread caused by small-angle scattering. Contrary to proton minibeams, helium or carbon minibeams experience less deflection, which potentially reduces side effects. To verify this potential, an irradiation facility for preclinical and clinical studies is needed. This manuscript presents a concept for a carbon minibeam irradiation facility based on a LINAC design for conventional carbon therapy. A quadrupole triplet focuses the LINAC beam to submillimeter minibeams. A scanning and a dosimetry unit are provided to move the minibeam over the target and monitor the applied dose. The beamline was optimized by TRAVEL simulations. The interaction between beam and these components and the resulting beam parameters at the focal plane is evaluated by TOPAS simulations. A transverse beamwidth of < 100 µm (σ) and a peak-to-valley (energy) dose ratio of > 1000 results for carbon energies of 100 MeV/u and 430 MeV/u (about 3 cm and 30 cm range in water) whereby the average beam current is about 30 nA. Therefore, the presented irradiation facility exceeds the requirements for hadron minibeam therapy.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS006
About •	Received ※ 16 May 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 29 June 2022
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THPOMS007	Beam Diagnostics for FLASH RT in the Varian ProBeam System	controls, radiation, proton, operation	2951
	M. Schedler, S. Busold VMS-PT, Troisdorf, Germany M. Bräuer Siemens Med, Erlangen, Germany
	FLASH RT is a novel ultra-high dose rate radiation therapy technique with the potential of sparing radiation induced damages to healthy tissue while keeping tumor control unchanged. Recent studies indicate that this so-called FLASH effect occurs when applying high doses of several Grays in a fraction of a second only, and thus significantly faster than with conventionally available radiation therapy systems today. Varian’s ProBeam system has been enabled to deliver ultra-high beam currents for FLASH treatments at 250 MeV beam energy. The first clinical trial is currently conducted at Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and all involved human patients have been successfully irradiated at FLASH dose rates, operating the system at cw cyclotron beam currents of up to 400 nA. With these modifications, treatment times could be reduced down to less than a second. First automated switching between conventional and FLASH operation modes has been demonstrated in non-clinical environment, including switching of the dose monitor system characteristics and all involved beam diagnostics. Furthermore, for an improved online beam current control system with full control over dose rate in addition to dose Varian has demonstrated first promising results that may improve future applications.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS007
About •	Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 04 July 2022
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THPOMS022	Production of Radioisotopes for Cancer Imaging and Treatment with Compact Linear Accelerators	linac, proton, rfq, cyclotron	2996
	M. Vretenar, A. Mamaras CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland G. Bisoffi INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy P. Foka GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
	Accelerator-produced radioisotopes are widely used in modern medicine, for imaging, for cancer therapy, and for combinations of therapy and diagnostics. Clinical trials are well advanced for several radioisotope-based treatments that might open the way to a strong request of specific accelerator systems dedicated to radioisotope production. While cyclotrons are the standard tool in this domain, we explore here alternative options using linear accelerators. Compared to cyclotrons, linacs have the advantage of modularity, compactness, and reduced beam loss with lower shielding requirements. Although in general more expensive than cyclotrons, linacs are competitive in cost for production of low-energy proton beams, or of intense beams of heavier particles. After a review of radioisotopes of potential interest, in particular those produced with low-energy protons or helium, this paper presents two linac-based isotope production systems. The first is a compact RFQ-based system for PET isotopes, and the second is an alpha-particle linac for production of alpha-emitters. The accelerator systems are described, together with calculations of production yields for different targets.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS022
About •	Received ※ 20 May 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 17 June 2022
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THPOMS023	Design of the 590 MeV Proton Beamline for the Proposed TATTOOS Isotope Production Target at PSI	proton, simulation, neutron, site	3000
	M. Hartmann, D.C. Kiselev, D. Reggiani, M. Seidel, J. Snuverink, H. Zhang PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
	IMPACT (Isotope and Muon Production with Advanced Cyclotron and Target Technologies) is a proposed initiative envisaged for the high-intensity proton accelerator facility (HIPA) at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI). As part of IMPACT, a radioisotope target station, TATTOOS (Targeted Alpha Tumour Therapy and Other Oncological Solutions) will allow the production of terbium radionuclides for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. The proposed TATTOOS beamline and target will be located near the UCN (Ultra Cold Neutron source) target area, branching off from the main UCN beamline. In particular, the beamline is intended to operate at a beam intensity of 100 µA, requiring a continuous splitting of the main beam via an electrostatic splitter. Realistic beam loss simulations to verify safe operation have been performed and optimised using Beam Delivery Simulation (BDSIM), a Geant4 based tool enabling the simulation of beam transportation through magnets and particle passage through the accelerator. In this study, beam profiles, beam transmission and power deposits are generated and studied.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS023
About •	Received ※ 18 May 2022 — Revised ※ 31 May 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 04 July 2022
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THPOMS033	Design and Optimisation of a Stationary Chest Tomosynthesis System with Multiple Flat Panel Field Emitter Arrays: Monte Carlo Simulations and Computer Aided Designs	photon, simulation, electron, diagnostics	3034
	T.G. Primidis, C.P. Welsch The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom T.G. Primidis, C.P. Welsch Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom T.G. Primidis King’s College London, London, United Kingdom V. Soloviev, S.G. Wells Adaptix Ltd, Oxford, United Kingdom
	Funding: Funded by the Accelerators for Security, Healthcare and Environment Centre for Doctoral Training of the United Kingdom Research and Innovation, Science and Technology Facilities Council, ST/R002142/1 Digital tomosynthesis (DT) allows 3D imaging by using a ~30° range of projections instead of a full circle as in computed tomography (CT). Patient doses can be ~10 times lower than CT and similar to 2D radiography but diagnostic ability is significantly better than 2D radiography and can approach that of CT. Moreover, cold-cathode field emission technology allows the integration of 10s of X-ray sources into source arrays that are smaller and lighter than conventional X-ray tubes. The distributed source positions avoid the need for source movements and Adaptix Ltd has demonstrated stationary 3D imaging with this technology in dentistry, orthopaedics, veterinary medicine and non-destructive testing. In this work we present Monte Carlo simulations of an upgrade to the Adaptix technology to specifications suited for chest DT and we show computer aided designs for a system with various populations of these source arrays. We conclude that stationary arrays of cold-cathode X-ray sources could replace movable X-ray tubes for 3D imaging and different arrangements of many such arrays could be used to tailor the X-ray fields to different patient size and diagnostic objective.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS033
About •	Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 22 June 2022
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THPOMS035	First Production of Astatine-211 at Crocker Nuclear Laboratory at UC Davis	cyclotron, proton, isotope-production, ISOL	3038
	E. Prebys, D.A. Cebra, R.B. Kibbee, L.M. Korkeila, K.S. Stewart UCD, Davis, California, USA M.R. Backfish UC Davis, Davis, USA
	Funding: This work partially supported by the US DOE under contract DE-SC0020407 There is a great deal of interest in the medical community in the use of the alpha-emitter At-211 as a therapeutic isotope. Among other things, its 7.2 hour half life is long enough to allow for recovery and labeling, but short enough to avoid long term activity in patients. Unfortunately, the only practical technique for its production is to bombard a Bi-209 target with a ~29 MeV alpha beam, so it is not accessible to commercial isotope production facilities, which all use fixed energy proton beams. The US Department of Energy is therefore supporting the development of a "University Isotope Network" (UIN) to satisfy this need. As part of this effort, we have developed an At-211 production facility using the variable-energy, multi-species cyclotron at Crocker Nuclear Lab the University of California, Davis. This effort relies on a beam probe which has been modified to serve as an internal Bi-209 target, to avoid problems with alpha particle extraction efficiency. This poster will data on the first production and recovery of At-211 using this system.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS035
About •	Received ※ 09 June 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 03 July 2022
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THPOMS038	Spallation Target Optimization for ADS by Monte Carlo Codes	neutron, proton, experiment, site	3049
	MumyapanM. Mumyapan, J.-S. Chai, M. Ghergherehchi, D.H. Ha, H. Namgoong SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea
	Accelerator Driven Systems are advanced systems for the use of Thorium as fuel, aiming to reduce nuclear waste through transmutation. The spallation target, which is responsible for producing neutrons, is one of the main parts of the ADS system. In this research, neutronic parameters of spallation targets consisting of several materials LBE, Mercury, Lead, Mercury on the cylindrical, box, and conic shapes using Monte Carlo codes (FLUKA, PHITS, MCNPX) was investigated. Energy Deposition and spallation neutron yield of spallation target with different shapes and dimensions have been calculated to optimization of the target. According to the results, the neutron yield values from MCNPX and PHITS are similar and it’s close to the experimental result. On the other hand, the error rate of the values in FLUKA is higher.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS038
About •	Received ※ 16 May 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 17 June 2022
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THPOMS042	Development of a Cyclotron Based External Beam Irradiation System for Elemental Analysis	proton, radiation, cyclotron, simulation	3064
	P. Thongjerm, A. Ngamlamiad, W. Pornroongruengchok, K. Tangpong, S. Wonglee Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology, Nakhon Nayok, Thailand
	We present the studies carried out at the cyclotron facility at Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology (TINT, Nakhon Nayok, Thailand). The cyclotron accelerates up to 30 MeV proton with a maximum beam current of 200 µA. Proton beam is transported to three target halls, including the R&D vault. Particularly, the R&D beamline consists of a five-port switching magnet allowing further extension for multidisciplinary research and experiments. The first station of the research vault is dedicated to non-destructive and multi-elemental analysis using proton-induced x-ray (PIXE) and proton-induced gamma (PIGE) techniques. For this purpose, the beam is extracted through an exit foil to the air. The beam size is then shaped by a set of collimators before reaching a sample. However, the range of the protons in air and the attenuation of x-rays may deteriorate. Therefore, the external irradiation system, including exit foil, collimator and detector arrangement, is evaluated in Geant4 to optimise the proton beam quality and improve detection efficiency. A detailed description of the simulation and results are discussed in this work.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS042
About •	Received ※ 16 June 2022 — Revised ※ 16 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 23 June 2022
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THPOMS043	Mu*STAR: Superconducting Accelerator Driven Subcritical Molten Salt Nuclear Power Plants	neutron, site, operation, extraction	3067
	R.P. Johnson, R.J. Abrams, M.A. Cummings, J.D. Lobo, T.J. Roberts Muons, Inc, Illinois, USA
	The MuSTAR Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) is a transformational and disruptive concept using advances in superconducting accelerator technology to burn spent nuclear fuel (SNF) to close the fuel cycle and to eliminate need for uranium enrichment. One linac drives multiple MuSTAR Small Modular Reactors (SMR) using subcritical molten salt fueled reactors with an internal spallation neutron target. Neutrons initiate fission chains that die out in the subcritical core. That means intrinsic immunity to criticality accidents. This new way to make nuclear energy employs continuous online removal of all fission products from molten salt fuel volatiles removed by helium purge gas. This reduces chance of accidental release. Non-volatiles removed by vortex separators, allowing complete burning of SNF.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS043
About •	Received ※ 09 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 16 June 2022
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THPOMS050	Design of Linac Based Neutron Source	neutron, electron, photon, linac	3084
	N. Upadhyay, S. Chacko University of Mumbai, Mumbai, India A.P. Deshpande, T.S. Dixit, R. Krishnan SAMEER, Mumbai, India
	Neutron sources are of great utility for various applications, especially in the fields of nuclear medicine, nuclear energy and imaging. At SAMEER, we have designed a linear electron accelerator based neutron source via photo-neutron generation. The accelerator is a 15 MeV linac with both photon and electron mode and is capable of delivering high beam current to achieve beam power of 1 to 2 kW. Efforts are in place to achieve further higher beam powers. 15 MeV electrons are incident on a bremsstrahlung target followed by a secondary target to achieve neutrons. To further optimize and enhance the neutron yield, backing material is provided. In this paper, we present the simulation of (e, g) and (g, n) processes using the Monte Carlo code FLUKA. The optimization of Tungsten as the convertor target whereas of the Beryllium as the neutron target is discussed in detail. We have explored various backing materials in order to optimize the total neutron yield as well as the thermal neutron yield. The simulation results have been considered for the finalisation of all material parameters for the set-up of this neutron source activity.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS050
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 11 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 12 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 14 June 2022
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THPOMS051	Study on Construction of an Additional Beamline for a Compact Neutron Source Using a 30 Mev Proton Cyclotron	neutron, proton, beam-transport, cyclotron	3087
	Y. Kuriyama, M. Hino, Y. Iwashita, R.N. Nakamura, H. Tanaka Kyoto University, Research Reactor Institute, Osaka, Japan
	The Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University (KURNS) has been actively using neutrons extracted from the research reactor (KUR) for collaborative research. Since the operation of KUR is scheduled to be terminated in 2026 according to the current reactor operation plan, the development of a general-purpose neutron source using the 30 MeV proton cyclotron (HM-30) installed at KURNS for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) research has been discussed as an alternative neutron source. In this presentation, we report on the conceptual design of an additional beamline for a compact neutron source using this cyclotron.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS051
About •	Received ※ 20 May 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 18 June 2022
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THPOMS053	Proton Beam Irradiation System for Space Part Test	proton, radiation, simulation, vacuum	3093
	H.-J. Kwon, J.J. Dang, W.-H. Jung, H.S. Kim, K.Y. Kim, K.R. Kim, S. Lee, Y.G. Song, S.P. Yun KOMAC, KAERI, Gyeongju, Republic of Korea
	Funding: This work is supported by the Nuclear Research and Development Program (2021M2D1A1045615) through the National Research Foundation of Korea. A proton beam irradiation system for space part test has been developed at Korea Multi-purpose Accelerator Complex (KOMAC) based on 100 MeV proton linac. It consists of a thermal vacuum chamber, a beam diagnostic system and a control system in the low flux beam target room. The thermal vacuum chamber accommodates the capacity for proton beam irradiation in addition to temperature control in vacuum condition. The beam diagnostic system is newly installed to measure the lower dose rate than existing one. In this paper, the proton beam irradiation system for space part test including a thermal vacuum chamber, newly installed beam diagnostic system is presented.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS053
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 17 June 2022

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MOPOST012

High Current Heavy Ion Beam Investigations at GSI-UNILAC

emittance, heavy-ion, operation, brilliance

78

H. Vormann, W.A. Barth, M. Miski-Oglu, U. Scheeler, M. Vossberg, S. Yaramyshev
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
W.A. Barth, M. Miski-Oglu, S. Yaramyshev
HIM, Mainz, Germany

The GSI Universal Linear Accelerator UNILAC and the synchrotron SIS18 will serve as injector for the upcoming FAIR-facility. The UNILAC-High Current Injector will be improved and modernized until FAIR is commissioned and the Alvarez poststripper accelerator is replaced. The reference heavy ion for future FAIR-operation is uranium, with highest intensity requirements. To re-establish uranium beam operation and to improve high current beam operation, different subjects have been explored in dedicated machine investigation campaigns. After a beam line modification in 2017 the RFQ-performance had deteriorated significantly; new rods have been installed and the RF-working point has been redefined. Also the Superlens-performance had become unsatisfactory; improved with a modified RF-coupler. With a pulsed hydrogen gas stripper target the uranium beam stripping efficiency could be increased by 65%. Various work has already been carried out to establish this stripper device in routine operation. With medium heavy ion beams a very high beam brilliance at the end of transfer line to SIS18 was achieved. Results of the measurement campaigns and the UNILAC upgrade activities will be presented.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOST012

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Received ※ 19 May 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 02 July 2022

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MOPOST024

A Local Modification of HL-LHC Optics for Improved Performance of the Alice Fixed-Target Layout

proton, collimation, experiment, optics

108

M. Patecki, D. Kikoła
Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
A.S. Fomin, P.D. Hermes, D. Mirarchi, S. Redaelli
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

Funding: This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, grant agreement number 101003442 - FIXEDTARGETLAND.
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) is the world’s largest and most powerful particle accelerator colliding beams of protons and lead ions at energies up to 7 TeV and 2.76 TeV, respectively. ALICE is one of the detector experiments optimised for heavy-ion collisions. A fixed-target experiment in ALICE is considered to collide a portion of the beam halo, split using a bent crystal, with an internal target placed a few meters upstream of the detector. Fixed-target collisions offer many physics opportunities related to hadronic matter and the quark-gluon plasma to extend the research potential of the CERN accelerator complex. Production of physics events depends on the particle flux on target. The machine layout for the fixed-target experiment is being developed to provide a flux of particles on a target high enough to exploit the full capabilities of the ALICE detector acquisition system. In this paper, we discuss a method of increasing the system’s performance by applying a local modification of optics to set the crystal at the optimal betatron phase.
marcin.patecki@pw.edu.pl

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOST024

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 09 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 01 July 2022

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MOPOST025

Influences of the Transverse Motions of the Particles to the Recombination Rate of a Co-Propagating Electron-Ion System

electron, experiment, alignment, cavity

112

G. Wang, D. Kayran, V. Litvinenko, I. Pinayev, P. Thieberger
BNL, Upton, New York, USA
V. Litvinenko
Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, USA

Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-SC0012704 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
For a system with the ion beam co-propagating with the electron beam, such as a traditional electron cooler or a Coherent electron Cooler (CeC), the recombination rate is an important observable for matching the energy of the electrons with the ions. In this work, we have developed the analytical expressions to investigate how the recombination rate depends on the energy difference of the two beams, with the influences from the transverse motions of the particles being considered. The analytical results are then used to analyze the measured recombination data collected during the CeC experiment in run 21 and run 22.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOST025

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Received ※ 09 June 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 27 June 2022

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MOPOST036

Transverse Emittance Measurements of the Beams Produced by the ISOLDE Target Ion Sources

ion-source, emittance, ISOL, quadrupole

144

N. Bidault
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

The Isotope mass Separator On-Line DEvice (ISOLDE) is a Radioactive Ion Beam (RIB) facility based at CERN where rare isotopes are produced from 1.4 GeV-proton collisions with a target. The different types of targets and ion sources, operating conditions and ionization schemes used during the physics campaign results in extracted beams with various emittances. Characterizing the beam emittance allows deducing the transport efficiency to low-energy experimental stations (up to 60 keV) and the mass resolving power of the separators. We report on emittance measurements for different beams of stable elements extracted from surface and plasma ion sources. The dependence of the emittance on the different conditions of operation of the ion sources is investigated and the results are compared to previous measurements.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOST036

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 09 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 17 June 2022

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MOPOPT006

Characterization of the Electron Beam Visualization Stations of the ThomX Accelerator

HOM, diagnostics, MMI, controls

240

A. Moutardier, C. Bruni, J-N. Cayla, I. Chaikovska, S. Chancé, N. Delerue, H. Guler, H. Monard, M. Omeich, S.D. Williams
Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France
S.D. Williams
The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Funding: Research Agency under the Equipex convention ANR-10-EQPX-0051.
We present an overview of the diagnostics screens stations - named SSTs - of the ThomX compact Compton source. ThomX is a compact light source based on Compton backscattering. It features a linac and a storage ring in which the electrons have an energy of 50 MeV. Each SST is composed of three screens, a YAG:Ce screen and an Optical Transition Radiation (OTR) screen for transverse measurements and a calibration target for magnification and resolution characterisation. The optical system is based on commercial lenses that have been reverse-engineered. An Arduino is used to control both the aperture and the focus remotely, while the magnification must be modified using an external motor. We report on the overall performance of the station as measured during the first steps of beam commissioning and on the optical system remote operations.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOPT006

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Received ※ 20 May 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 17 June 2022

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MOPOPT018

Advancing to a GHz Transition Radiation Monitor for Longitudinal Charge Distribution Measurements

vacuum, radiation, simulation, electron

267

S. Klaproth, A. Penirschke
THM, Friedberg, Germany
H. De Gersem
TEMF, TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
T. Reichert, R. Singh
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany

Funding: This work is supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) under contract no. 05P21RORB2. Joint Project 05P2021 - R&D Accelerator (DIAGNOSE)
In the past, longitudinal beam profiles have been measured with e.g., Feschenko monitors*, Fast Faraday Cups (FFC)** and field monitors. Feschenko monitors usually examine an average shape over several pulses and FFCs are interceptive devices by design. In this work we want to present the progress in the development of a novel GHz diffraction radiation monitor which shall be able to measure the longitudinal charge distribution of single bunches within Hadron beam LINACS non-destructively. A proof-of-concept measurement has been performed at GSI. We aim for a resolution of 50 to 100ps at beam energies of β=0.05 to 0.74. electronic field simulations were performed using CST Particle Studio to determine an optimal RF-Window, which also suits as vacuum chamber and the beam energy and angular dependencies of the diffraction radiation for different materials were analyzed.
* A. V. Feschenko (2001): Methods and Instrumentation for Bunch Shape Measurements. In Proc. PAC’01, paper ROAB002
** G. Zhu et al (2018): Rev. Sci. Instrum. issn 0034-6748, doi :10.1063/1.5027608

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOPT018

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Received ※ 14 June 2022 — Revised ※ 11 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 15 June 2022

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MOPOPT040

Summary of the Post-Long Shutdown 2 LHC Hardware Commissioning Campaign

MMI, dipole, operation, hardware

335

A. Apollonio, O.O. Andreassen, A. Antoine, T. Argyropoulos, M.C. Bastos, M. Bednarek, B. Bordini, K. Brodzinski, A. Calia, Z. Charifoulline, G.-J. Coelingh, G. D’Angelo, D. Delikaris, R. Denz, L. Fiscarelli, V. Froidbise, M.A. Galilée, J.C. Garnier, R. Gorbonosov, P. Hagen, M. Hostettler, D. Jacquet, S. Le Naour, D. Mirarchi, V. Montabonnet, B.I. Panev, T.H.B. Persson, T. Podzorny, M. Pojer, E. Ravaioli, F. Rodriguez-Mateos, A.P. Siemko, M. Solfaroli, J. Spasic, A. Stanisz, J. Steckert, R. Steerenberg, S. Sudak, H. Thiesen, E. Todesco, G. Trad, J.A. Uythoven, S. Uznanski, A.P. Verweij, J. Wenninger, G.P. Willering, D. Wollmann, S. Yammine
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
V. Vizziello
INFN/LASA, Segrate (MI), Italy

In this contribution we provide a summary of the LHC hardware commissioning campaign following the second CERN Long Shutdown (LS2), initially targeting the nominal LHC energy of 7 TeV. A summary of the test procedures and tools used for testing the LHC superconducting circuits is given, together with statistics on the successful test execution. The paper then focuses on the experience and observations during the main dipole training campaign, describing the encountered problems, the related analysis and mitigation measures, ultimately leading to the decision to reduce the energy target to 6.8 TeV. The re-commissioning of two powering sectors, following the identified problems, is discussed in detail. The paper concludes with an outlook to the future hardware commissioning campaigns, discussing the lessons learnt and possible strategies moving forward.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOPT040

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 27 June 2022

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MOPOPT046

Linearity and Response Time of the LHC Diamond Beam Loss Monitors in the CLEAR Beam Test Facility at CERN

detector, electron, beam-losses, operation

355

S. Morales Vigo, E. Calvo Giraldo, L.A. Dyks, E. Effinger, W. Farabolini, P. Korysko, A.T. Lernevall, B. Salvachúa, C. Zamantzas
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
S. Morales Vigo, C.P. Welsch, J. Wolfenden
Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom

Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) diamond detectors have been tested during the Run 2 operation period (2015-2018) as fast beam loss monitors for the Beam Loss Monitoring (BLM) system of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. However, the lack of raw data recorded during this operation period restrains our ability to perform a deep analysis of their signals. For this reason, a test campaign was carried out at the CLEAR beam test facility at CERN with the aim of studying the linearity and response time of the diamond detectors against losses from electron beams of different intensities. The signal build-up from multi-bunched electron beams was also analyzed. The conditions and procedures of the test campaign are explained, as well as the most significant results obtained.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOPT046

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 07 July 2022

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MOPOPT052

Beam-Based Alignment for LCLS-II CuS Linac-to-Undulator Quadrupoles

quadrupole, alignment, linac, lattice

377

X. Huang, D.K. Bohler
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA

An advanced method for beam-based alignment that can simultaneously determine the quadrupole centers of multiple magnets has been applied to the LCLS-II CuS linac-to-undulator (LTU) section. The new method modulates the strengths of multiple quadrupoles and monitor the induced trajectory shift. Measurements are repeated with the beam trajectory through the quadrupoles steered with upstream correctors, from which the quadrupole centers can be obtained. Steering of the trajectory to minimize the induced trajectory shift is also done for finding the quadrupole centers.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOPT052

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Received ※ 27 May 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 25 June 2022

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MOPOTK012

Concept of a Polarized Positron Source for CEBAF

positron, electron, cavity, experiment

457

S.H. Habet, R.M. Bodenstein, S.A. Bogacz, J.M. Grames, A.S. Hofler, R. Kazimi, F. Lin, M. Poelker, Y. Roblin, A. Seryi, R. Suleiman, A.V. Sy, D.L. Turner
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
A. Ushakov
Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France
C.A. Valerio-Lizárraga
ECFM-UAS, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico
E.J-M. Voutier
LPSC, Grenoble Cedex, France

Funding: Laboratoire de Physique des 2 Infinis Irène Joliot-Curie Université Paris-Saclay -> Eric Voutier : eric.voutier@ijclab.in2p3.fr.
Positron beams would provide new and meaningful probes for the experimental program at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (JLab), including but not limited to future hadronic physics and dark matter experiments. Critical requirements involve generating positron beams with a high degree of spin polarization, sufficient intensity and a continuous-wave (CW) bunch train compatible with acceleration to 12 GeV at the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). To address these requirements, a polarized positron injector based upon the bremsstrahlung of an intense CW spin polarized electron beam is considered*. First a polarized electron beam line provides >1 mA of polarized electrons at ~120 MeV to a high-power target for positron production. Next, a second beam line collects, shapes and aligns the spin of positrons for users. Finally, the positron beam is matched into the CEBAF acceptance for acceleration and transport to the end stations with energies up to 12 GeV. An optimized layout to provide positrons beams with intensity >100 nA (polarized) or intensity >3 µA (unpolarized) will be discussed in this poster.
* D. Abbott et al., "Production of Highly Polarized Positrons Using Polarized Electrons at MeV Energies", Phys. Rev. Lett., 116, 214801 (2016)

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOTK012

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 06 July 2022

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MOPOTK014

Optics of a Recirculating Beamline for MESA

experiment, optics, injection, scattering

465

C.P. Stoll, A. Meseck
KPH, Mainz, Germany

The Mainz Energy-recovering Superconducting Accelerator (MESA) is an Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) facility under construction at the Johannes Gutenberg-University in Mainz. It provides the opportunity for precision physics experiments with a 1 mA c.w. electron beam in its initial phase. In this phase experiments with unpolarised, high-density 10¹⁹ atoms per cm² gas jet targets are foreseen at the Mainz Gas Internal Target Experiment (MAGIX). To allow experiments with thin polarised gas targets with sufficiently high interaction rates in a later phase, the beam current must be increased to up to 100 mA, which would pose significant challenges to the existing ERL machine. Thus, it is proposed here to use MESA in pulsed operation with a repetition rate of several kHz to fill a recirculating beamline, providing a quasi c.w. beam current to a thin gas target. The optics necessary for this recirculating beamline are presented here.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOTK014

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Received ※ 01 June 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 07 July 2022

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MOPOTK015

ENUBET’s Multi Momentum Secondary Beam Line

kaon, proton, secondary-beams, extraction

469

E.G. Parozzi, G. Brunetti, F. Terranova
Universita Milano Bicocca, MILANO, Italy
G. Brunetti, F. Terranova
INFN MIB, MILANO, Italy
N. Charitonidis
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
A. Longhin, M. Pari, F. Pupilli
INFN- Sez. di Padova, Padova, Italy
A. Longhin
Univ. degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy

In order to study the remaining open questions concerning CP violation and neutrino mass hierarchy, as well as to search for physics beyond the Standard Model, future experiments require precise measurements of the neutrino interaction cross-sections in the GeV/c regime. The absence of a precise knowledge of the neutrino flux currently limits this measurement to a 10-20% uncertainty level. The ENUBET project is proposing a novel facility, capable of constraining the neutrino flux normalization through the precise monitoring of kaon decay products in an instrumented decay tunnel. The collaboration has conducted numerous studies using a beam-line with a central Kaon momentum of 8.5 GeV/c and a ±10% momentum spread. We present here the design of a new beam-line, broadening the range of Kaons to include momenta of 4, 6, and 8.5 GeV/c, thus allowing ENUBET to explore cross-sections over a much larger energy range. In this contribution, we discuss the status of this design, the optimization studies performed, the early results, and the expected performance in terms of kaon and neutrino rates. We also present the first estimations of the background expected to be seen by the experiment.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOTK015

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 15 June 2022

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MOPOTK033

Beamline Design and Optimisation for High Intensity Muon Beams at PSI

experiment, proton, dipole, solenoid

523

E.V. Valetov
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland

Funding: This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 884104 (PSI-FELLOW-III-3i).
The High Intensity Muon Beams (HIMB) project at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) will provide muon intensities of the order of 1e10 muons/s for particle physics and material science experiments, two orders of magnitude higher than the state of the art, which is currently available also at PSI. In particle transport simulations for the HIMB, we use G4beamline with measured pi+ cross-sections and with variance reduction. We also use the codes COSY INFINITY, TRANSPORT, and TURTLE for some studies. We perform asynchronous Bayesian optimisation of the beamlines on a computing cluster using G4beamline and the optimisation package DeepHyper. We performed numerous studies for the design of the HIMB, and we produced various results, including the muon transmission, beam phase space, polarisation, and momentum spectrum.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOTK033

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Received ※ 16 May 2022 — Revised ※ 08 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 08 July 2022

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MOPOMS008

Diagnosis of Transverse Emittance in Laser-Driven Ion Beam

laser, emittance, proton, simulation

637

T. Miyatake, I. Takemoto, Y. Watanabe
Kyushu University, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kasuga-Shi, Japan
T.-H. Dinh, M. Kando, S. Kojima, K. Kondo, K. Kondo, M. Nishikino, M. Nishiuchi, H. Sakaki
National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Kyoto, Japan

Funding: This work was supported by JST-MIRAI R&D Program No. JPMJMI17A1. This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP21J22132.
Ion beam produced in laser-driven ion acceleration by ultra-intense lasers has characteristics of high peak cur-rent and low emittance. These characteristics become an advantage to operate the request for the beam applica-tion. Therefore, we study how to control the parameters with the laser-plasma interaction. Here, we used 2D Particle-in-Cell code to simulate the laser-driven ion acceleration and investigated the results in terms of transverse emittance, beam current, and brightness. The laser spot size and target thickness were changed in the simulation. And, these qualitative results show that interaction target thickness is a major factor in controlling beam characteristics.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOMS008

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 09 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 18 June 2022

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MOPOMS017

Beam Transport Simulations Through Final Focus High Energy Transport Lines with Implemented Gabor Lenses

focusing, simulation, electron, proton

663

A. Sherjan, M. Droba, O. Meusel, S. Reimann, K.I. Thoma
IAP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
S. Reimann
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany

First investigations on Gabor Lens GL2000 at Goethe University have shown that it is possible to confine a 2m long stable Electron Plasma Column and to apply it as a hadron beam focusing device. With this knowledge theoretical implementations of GLs in final focus and transfer lines have started. The focusing with GLs is a weak but smooth focusing in radial direction. The GL is a suitable and inexpensive choice in addition to the existing focusing elements eg. magnetic quadrupoles. The device helps to improve beam quality and minimize losses over long distances. The investigation of relativistic hadron beams in GeV range using the example of the proposed NA61/SHINE VLE-beamline at CERN is carried out and will be presented. Thin-matrix simulations with a generated distribution as well as field map simulations with generated and realistic distributions (Geant4) at 1 - 6 GeV/c have been analysed and compared. In addition, the H4-beamline at North Area (CERN) is proposed to implement GLs for experimental tests.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOMS017

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 12 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 14 June 2022

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MOPOMS027

Synthesis of First Caesium Telluride Photocathode at ASTeC Using Sequential and Co-Deposition Method

cathode, site, FEL, electron

695

R. Valizadeh, A.N. Hannah
STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
V.R. Dhanak
The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
S. Lederer
DESY, Hamburg, Germany

Caesium Telluride (Cs₂Te) photocathodes, are the elec-tron source of choice, by many global accelerators such as European XFEL, FLASH and AWA. It offers high quantum efficiency and reasonable operational lifetime with lower vacuum requirements than multi-alkali photocathodes. In this paper, we report on the first synthesised CsxTe photocathodes at ASTeC, using both sequential and co-deposition of Te and Cs on Mo substrate. Te deposition is carried out using ion beam deposition whilst the Cs is deposited using a SAES getter alkali. The ion beam deposition of Te provides a high degree of control to give a dense, smooth layer with a reproducible film thickness. The chemical state with respect to film composition of the deposited CsxTe is determined with in-situ XPS anal-yses. The films exhibit a quantum efficiency between 7.5 to 9 % at 266 nm wavelength.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOMS027

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 06 July 2022

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MOPOMS039

Study of Material Choice in Beam Dumps for Energetic Electron Beams

electron, linac, neutron, scattering

721

D. Zhu, R.T. Dowd, Y.E. Tan
AS - ANSTO, Clayton, Australia

Lead is typically used as the initial target in a design for beam dumps for high energy electron beams (>20 MeV). Electron beams with energies above 20 MeV are usually built within concrete bunkers and therefore the design of any beam dump would just be a lead block (very cost effective) as close to the electron source as possible, after a vacuum flange of some sort. In a study of a hypothetical 100 MeV electron beam inside a concrete bunker with an extremely low dose rate constraint outside the bunker, the thickness of lead required would have been too restrictive for a compact design. In this study we investigate the potential benefits of designs that incorpo-rate low Z materials like graphite as the primary target material in vacuum followed by progressively higher Z materials up to lead. The results show the more diffuse elastic scattering from the primary target reduces the back scattered photons and reduces the overall neutron genera-tion. The effect was a more compact design for the beam dump to meet the same dose rate constraint.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOMS039

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 09 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 19 June 2022

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MOPOMS046

Reliability Analysis of the HL-LHC Energy Extraction System

extraction, simulation, operation, monitoring

747

M.R. Blaszkiewicz, A. Apollonio, T. Cartier-Michaud, B.I. Panev, M. Pojer, D. Wollmann
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

The energy extraction systems for the protection of the new HL-LHC superconducting magnet circuits are based on vacuum breakers. This technology allows to significantly reduce the switch opening time and increases the overall system reliability with reduced maintenance needs. This paper presents the results of detailed reliability studies performed on these new energy extraction systems. The study quantifies the risk of a failure which prevents correct protection of a magnet circuit and identifies the most critical components of the system. For this, the model considers factors such as block or component level failure probabilities, different maintenance strategies and repair procedures. The reliability simulations have been performed with AvailSim4, a novel Monte Carlo code for availability and reliability simulations. The results are compared with the system reliability requirements and provides insights into the most critical components.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOMS046

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 07 July 2022

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TUIYGD1

The Status of the ESS Project

ion-source, cryomodule, neutron, linac

792

A. Jansson
ESS, Lund, Sweden

Funding: Talk given on behalf of the ESS Accelerator Collaboration.
The European Spallation Source (ESS), currently under construction in Lund, Sweden, will be the world’s most powerful linear accelerator driving a neutron spallation source, with an ultimate beam average power of 5 MW at 2.0 GeV. The LINAC accelerates a proton beam of 62.5 mA peak current at 4 % duty cycle (2.86 ms at 14 Hz). The accelerator uses a normal conducting front-end bring-ing the beam energy to 90 MeV, beyond that the accelera-tion up to 2 GeV is performed using superconducting structures. The accelerator is built by a European collabo-ration consisting of 23 European institutes delivering in-kind contributions of most hardware but also of services for installation and testing. More than half of the original 510 Mâ¬ for the accelerator budget being in form of in-kind contributions. This talk will give an overview of the status of the ESS accelerator and comment on the chal-lenges the accelerator collaboration has encountered and how we together are addressing these challenges.

Slides TUIYGD1 [23.318 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUIYGD1

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 11 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 20 June 2022

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TUIYGD3

FRIB Commissioning and Early Operations

MMI, linac, controls, operation

802

J. Wei, H. Ao, S. Beher, G. Bollen, N.K. Bultman, F. Casagrande, W. Chang, Y. Choi, S. Cogan, C. Compton, M. Cortesi, J.C. Curtin, K.D. Davidson, X.-J. Du, K. Elliott, B. Ewert, A. Facco, A. Fila, K. Fukushima, V. Ganni, A. Ganshyn, T. Glasmacher, J.-W. Guo, Y. Hao, W. Hartung, N.M. Hasan, M. Hausmann, K. Holland, H.-C. Hseuh, M. Ikegami, D.D. Jager, S. Jones, N. Joseph, T. Kanemura, S.H. Kim, C. Knowles, P. Knudsen, T. Konomi, B.R. Kortum, T. Lange, M. Larmann, T.L. Larter, K. Laturkar, R.E. Laxdal, J. LeTourneau, Z. Li, S.M. Lidia, G. Machicoane, C. Magsig, P.E. Manwiller, F. Marti, T. Maruta, E.S. Metzgar, S.J. Miller, Y. Momozaki, D.G. Morris, M. Mugerian, I.N. Nesterenko, C. Nguyen, P.N. Ostroumov, M.S. Patil, A.S. Plastun, J.T. Popielarski, L. Popielarski, M. Portillo, J. Priller, X. Rao, M.A. Reaume, H.T. Ren, K. Saito, B.M. Sherrill, A. Stolz, B.P. Tousignant, R. Walker, X. Wang, J.D. Wenstrom, G. West, K. Witgen, M. Wright, T. Xu, T. Xu, Y. Yamazaki, T. Zhang, Q. Zhao, S. Zhao
FRIB, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
B. Arend, T.N. Ginter, E. Kwan, M.K. Smith, M. Steiner, O. Tarasov
NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
A. Facco
INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy
K. Hosoyama
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
M.P. Kelly, Y. Momozaki
ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA
R.E. Laxdal
TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada
M. Wiseman
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA

Funding: Work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science under Cooperative Agreement DE-SC0000661.
The Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) project has completed technical construction in January 2022, five months ahead of schedule baselined about 10 years ago. Beam commissioning has been planned in seven phases starting from 2017 when the normal-conducting ion source and RFQ were commissioned. In April 2021, FRIB driver linac commissioning was completed with heavy ion beams being accelerated to energies above 200 MeV/u using 324 superconducting radiofrequency (SRF) resonators contained in 46 cryomodules. In preparation for high-power operations, a liquid lithium charge strip-per was used to strip uranium beam from average charge state of 33+ to 78+, and multiple charge states were accelerated simultaneously in the linac. By January 2022, FRIB target and fragment separator commissioning was completed with rare-isotope beams produced and identified. In May 2022, the first FRIB user scientific experiment was successfully conducted. This talk summarizes the FRIB accelerator project commissioning and early operations experience with discussions on strategic planning, operational envelope conformance, technical risk mitigation, and lessons learned.

Slides TUIYGD3 [23.483 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUIYGD3

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 06 July 2022

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TUIZSP2

The Muon Collider

collider, cavity, emittance, solenoid

821

D. Schulte
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

Muon colliders are considered nowadays in the landscape of future lepton colliders. Since the MAP project in USA, an important effort is being made in Europe to identify the neccesary R&D to advance towards a Conceptual Design Report in the next years. The talk will review the status of the technologies and accelerator designs and will present the R&D plans.

Slides TUIZSP2 [15.641 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUIZSP2

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 21 June 2022

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TUPOST001

Parasitic Optimization of the Transfer Beamline Efficiency at ELSA

electron, synchrotron, injection, controls

835

S. Witt, K. Desch, D. Elsner, D. Proft
ELSA, Bonn, Germany

The 3.2 GeV electron accelerator ELSA in Bonn consists of three acceleration stages each interconnected by tunable transfer beamlines. The steering of the electron beam through the transfer line from linear accelerator to the Booster Synchrotron is currently adjusted by hand, which limits a systematic improvement of the transfer efficiency. An automated optimization using the ‘‘simulated annealing’’ technique has been developed and integrated into the control system to improve the situation. It allows for a continuous optimization without interfering with usual beamtime for experiments by utilizing the 6s off-time in between injections into the stretcher ring. In a simulation using the actual accelerator’s settings as starting parameters, transmission rates have been increased significantly. The methods and results with the accelerator hardware are presented.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOST001

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Received ※ 06 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 16 June 2022

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TUPOST040

Automated Intensity Optimisation Using Reinforcement Learning at LEIR

linac, injection, operation, electron

941

N. Madysa, R. Alemany-Fernández, N. Biancacci, B. Goddard, V. Kain, F.M. Velotti
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

High intensities in the CERN Low Energy Ion Ring (LEIR) are achieved by stacking up to seven consecutive multi-turn injections from Linac3. Two inclined septa combined with a collapsing horizontal orbit bump allow a 6-D phase space painting via a linearly ramped mean momentum along the Linac3 pulse and injection at high dispersion. The beam is cooled and dragged longitudinally via electron cooling (e-cooling) into a stacking momentum. For optimal accumulation, the electron energy and trajectory need to match the ion energy and orbit at the e-cooler section. In this paper, a reinforcement learning (RL) agent is trained to adjust various e-cooler and Linac3 parameters to maximise the intensity at the end of the injection plateau. Variational Auto-Encoders (VAE) are used to compress longitudinal Schottky spectra into a compact representation as input for the RL agent. The RL agent is pre-trained on a surrogate model of the LEIR e-cooling dynamics, which in turn is learned from the data collected for the training of the VAE. The performance of the VAE, the surrogate model, and the RL agent is investigated in this paper. An overview of planned tests in the upcoming LEIR runs is given.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOST040

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 10 July 2022

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TUPOST042

Towards the Automatic Setup of Longitudinal Emittance Blow-Up in the CERN SPS

controls, simulation, emittance, interface

949

N. Bruchon, I. Karpov, N. Madysa, G. Papotti, D. Quartullo, C. Zisou
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
C. Zisou
AUTH, Thessaloniki, Greece

Controlled longitudinal emittance blow-up in the CERN SPS is necessary to stabilize high-intensity beams for the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) by increasing the synchrotron frequency spread. The process consists of injecting bandwidth-limited noise into the main RF phase loop to diffuse particles in the core of the bunch. The setting up of the noise parameters, such as frequency band and amplitude, is a non-trivial and time-consuming procedure that has been performed manually so far. In this preliminary study, several optimization methods are investigated to set up the noise parameters automatically. We apply the CERN Common Optimization Interfaces as a generic framework for the optimization algorithm. Single-bunch profiles generated with the BLonD simulation code have been used to investigate the optimization algorithms offline. Furthermore, analysis has been carried out on measured bunch profiles in the SPS to define the problem constraints and properly formulate the objective function.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOST042

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Received ※ 31 May 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 17 June 2022

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TUPOPT034

Modelling of X-Ray Volume Excitation of the XLO Gain Medium Using Flash

laser, plasma, simulation, electron

1081

P. Manwani, N. Majernik, B. Naranjo, J.B. Rosenzweig
UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
E.C. Galtier, A. Halavanau, C. Pellegrini
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA

Funding: This work was performed with the support of the US Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-76SF00515 and DESC0009914.
Plasma dynamics and crater formation of laser excited volumes in solids is a complex process due to thermalization, shockwave formation, varying absorption mechanisms, and a wide range of relevant physics timescales. The properties and interaction of such laser-matter systems can be modeled using an equation of state and opacity based multi-temperature treatment of plasma using a radiation hydrodynamics code. Here, we use FLASH, an adaptive mesh radiation-hydrodynamics code, to simulate the plasma expansion following after the initial energy deposition and thermalization of the column, to benchmark the results of experiments undertaken at UCLA on optical laser ablation. These computational results help develop a quantitative understanding of the material excitation process and enable the optimization of the gain medium delivery system for the x-ray laser oscillator project *.
* Halavanau, Aliaksei, et al. "Population Inversion X-Ray Laser Oscillator." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 117, no. 27, 2020, pp. 15511-15516.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOPT034

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 16 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 18 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 24 June 2022

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TUPOPT047

Progress Report on Population Inversion X-Ray Laser Oscillator at LCLS

cavity, laser, experiment, FEL

1107

A. Halavanau, R. Alonso-Mori, A. Aquila, U. Bergmann, F.-J. Decker, F. Fuller, M. Liang, A.A. Lutman, R.A. Margraf, R.H. Paul, C. Pellegrini
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
R. Ash, N.B. Welke
UW-Madison/PD, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
A.I. Benediktovitch
DESY, Hamburg, Germany
S.C. Krusic
JSI, Ljubljana, Slovenia
N. Majernik, P. Manwani, J.B. Rosenzweig
UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
R. Robles
Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
N. Rohringer
Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany

We report the progress in the design and construction of a population inversion x-ray laser oscillator (XLO) using LCLS as an x-ray laser pump, being developed by a SLAC, CFEL, University of Hamburg (Germany), University of Wisconsin, Josef Stefan Institute (Slovenia) and UCLA collaboration. In this proceeding, we will present the latest XLO design and numerical simulations substantiated by our first experimental results. In our next experimental step XLO will be tested on the Coherent X-ray Imaging (CXI) end-station at LCLS as a two pass Regenerative Amplifier operating at the Copper K_α1 photon energy of 8048 eV. When built, XLO will generate fully coherent transform limited pulses with about 50 meV FWHM bandwidth. We expect the XLO will pave the way for new user experiments, e.g. in inelastic x-ray scattering, parametric down conversion, quantum science, x-ray interferometry, and external hard x-ray XFEL seeding.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOPT047

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Received ※ 12 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 24 June 2022

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TUPOTK016

HiPIMS-Coated Novel S(I)S Multilayers for SRF Cavities

SRF, cavity, niobium, cathode

1234

A.Ö. Sezgin, X. Jiang, M. Vogel
University Siegen, Siegen, Germany
I. González Díaz-Palacio, R. Zierold
University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
S. Keckert, J. Knobloch, O. Kugeler, D.B. Tikhonov
HZB, Berlin, Germany
J. Knobloch
University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
R. Ries, E. Seiler
Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Bratislava, Slovak Republic

Funding: Material syntheses and characterizations via SMART, BMBF, Germany (05K19PSA). Superconducting characterizations via iFAST, H2020, EU (101004730). Part of this work via the MNaF, University of Siegen.
Pushing beyond the existing bulk niobium SRF cavities is indispensable along the path towards obtaining more sustainable next generation compact particle accelerators. One of the promising candidates to push the limits of the bulk niobium is thin film-based multilayer structures in the form of superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS). In this work, S(I)S multilayer structures were coated by high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS), having industrial upscaling potential along with provid-ing higher quality films with respect to conventional magnetron sputtering techniques (e.g., DCMS), combined with (PE)-ALD techniques for deposition of the ex-situ insulating layers. On the path towards formulating opti-mized recipes for these materials to be coated on the inner walls of (S)RF cavities, the research focuses on innovat-ing the best performing S(I)S multilayer structures con-sisting of alternating superconducting thin films (e.g., NbN) with insulating layers of metal nitrides (e.g., AlN) and/or metal oxides (e.g., AlxOy) on niobium lay-ers/substrates (i.e., Nb/AlN/NbN) in comparison to the so-called SS multilayer structures (i.e., Nb/NbN). This con-tribution presents the initial materials and superconduct-ing and RF characterization results of the aforementioned multilayer systems on flat samples.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOTK016

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Received ※ 11 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 18 June 2022

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TUPOTK031

A First 6 GHz Cavity Deposition with B1 Superconducting Thin Film at ASTeC

cavity, SRF, controls, site

1279

R. Valizadeh, A.N. Hannah, O.B. Malyshev
STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
E. Chyhyrynets, V.A. Garcia Diaz, C. Pira
INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy
V.R. Dhanak
The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
O.B. Malyshev
Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
G.B.G. Stenning
STFC/RAL/ISIS, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom

Nb₃Sn, NbTiN and NbN are superconductors with critical temperatures of 18.3, 12.6-17 and 11.6-17.5 K, respectively, these are higher than that of Nb at 9.3 K. Hence, at 4 K, they have an RF resistance, an order of magnitude lower than that of Nb, which leads to quality factors above those of Nb. In recent years, there has been an extensive effort converting Nb cavities into Nb₃Sn. Alloying the top inner layer of the cavity using Sn diffusion at a high temperature has had some degree of success, however, the reproducibility remains a major hindering and limiting factor. In this study, we report on the PVD deposition of NbTiN inside a 6 GHz cavity, using an external magnetic coil configuration. The deposition is done at an elevated temperature of about 650 C. We report on the superconducting properties, film structure and its stoichiometry and surface chemical state. The films have been characterised with SEM, XRD, XPS, EDS and SQUID magnetometer.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOTK031

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 09 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 06 July 2022

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WEIXSP1

Towards High-Repetition Rate Petawatt Laser Experiments with Cryogenic Jets Using a Mechanical Chopper System

laser, proton, experiment, plasma

1594

M. Rehwald, S. Assenbaum, C. Bernert, U. Schramm, K. Zeil
HZDR, Dresden, Germany
C.B. Curry, M. Gauthier, S.H. Glenzer, C. Schoenwaelder, F. Treffert
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
S. Göde
EuXFEL, Schenefeld, Germany

Laser-plasma based ion accelerators require suitable high-repetition rate target systems that enable systematic studies at controlled plasma conditions and application-relevant particle flux. Self-refreshing, micrometer-sized cryogenic jets have proven to be an ideal target platform. Yet, operation of such systems in the harsh environmental conditions of high power laser induced plasma experiments have turned out to be challenging. Here we report on recent experiments deploying a cryogenic hydrogen jet as a source of pure proton beams generated with the PW-class ultrashort pulse laser DRACO. Damage to the jet target system during application of full energy laser shots was prevented by implementation of a mechanical chopper system interrupting the direct line of sight between the laser plasma interaction zone and the jet source.

Slides WEIXSP1 [4.896 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEIXSP1

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Received ※ 16 May 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 15 June 2022

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WEOXSP1

Proposal for a Compact Neutron Generator Based on a Negative Deuterium Ion Beam

neutron, ion-source, electron, radiation

1599

K. Jimbo, T. Shirai
QST-NIRS, Chiba, Japan
K. Leung
LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA
K.A. Van Bibber
UCB, Berkeley, California, USA

Interest in high intensity generators of neutrons for basic and applied science has been growing, and thus the demand for an economical neutron generator has been growing. A major driver for the development of high intensity neutron generators are studies of neutron disturbance in integrated circuits, for which a compact generator that can be easily accommodated in an ordinary size lab would be highly desirable. We have investigated possible designs for neutron generators based on the D-D fusion reaction, which produce direction dependent mono-energetic neutrons with carry-off energy larger than 2.45 MeV. Specifically, we find a negative deuterium ion beam most attractive for this application, and plan to construct such a system with a negative deuterium ion beam of 200 keV energy and 100 mA current as a prototype of this concept.

Slides WEOXSP1 [2.581 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEOXSP1

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Received ※ 17 May 2022 — Revised ※ 11 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 01 July 2022

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WEPOST009

Muon Collider Based on Gamma Factory, FCC-ee and Plasma Target

plasma, positron, electron, emittance

1691

F. Zimmermann, A. Latina
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
M. Antonelli, M. Boscolo
LNF-INFN, Frascati, Italy
A.P. Blondel
DPNC, Genève, Switzerland
J.P. Farmer
MPI-P, München, Germany

Funding: This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme under Grant Agreement No 101004730 (iFAST).
The LEMMA-type muon collider generates muon pairs by the annihilation of 45 GeV positrons with electrons at rest. Due to the small cross section, an extremely high rate of positrons is required, which could be achieved by a ’Gamma factory’ based on the LHC. Other challenges with the LEMMA-type muon production scheme include the emittance preservation of muons and muon-generating positrons upon multiple traversals through a target, and the merging of many separate muon bunchlets. These two challenges may potentially be overcome by (1) operating the FCC-ee booster with a barrier bucket and induction acceleration, so that all positrons of a production cycle are merged into one single superbunch instead of storing ~10,000 separate bunches; and (2) sending the positron superbunch into a plasma target. During the passage of the positron superbunch, the electron density is enhanced 100–1000 fold without any increase in the density of nuclei, so that beamstrahlung and Coulomb scattering are essentially absent. We investigate prospects and difficulties of this approach, including emittance growth due to filamentation in the nonlinear plasma channel and due to positron self-modulation.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOST009

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 23 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 23 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 05 July 2022

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WEPOST014

Studies on Pre-Computation of SPS-to-LHC Transfer Line Corrections

injection, extraction, proton, closed-orbit

1711

C. Bracco, F.M. Velotti
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

The injection process in the LHC gives a non-negligible contribution to the turnaround time between two consecutive physics fills. Mainly due to orbit drifts in the SPS, the steering of the SPS-to-LHC transfer lines (TL) had to be regularly performed in view of minimising injection oscillations and losses, which otherwise would trigger beam dumps. Moreover, for machine protection purposes, a maximum of twelve bunches had to be injected after any TL steering to validate the actual applied corrections. This implied at several occasions the need to interrupt a fill to steer the lines and introduced a further delay between fills. Studies were performed to evaluate the option of pre-calculating the required TL corrections based on SPS orbit measurements during the LHC magnet ramp down and the reconstruction of the beam position and angle at the SPS extraction point.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOST014

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Received ※ 06 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 16 June 2022

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WEPOST021

Theoretical Study of Laser Energy Absorption Towards Energetic Proton and Electron Sources

laser, electron, proton, simulation

1737

I.M. Vladisavlevici, E. d’Humières
CELIA, Talence, France
D. Vizman
West University of Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania

Funding: This work was supported by Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research PN 75/2018, Agence Nationale de la Recherche project ANR-17-CE30-0026-Pinnacle, WUT - JINR collaboration project 05-6-1119-2014/2023 (2/2019; 86/2020; 10³/2021) and Erasmus+ Student grant (2018/2019; 2019/2020; 2020/2021).
Our main goal is to describe and model the energy transfer from laser to particles, from the transparent to less transparent regime of laser-plasma interaction in the ultra-high intensity regime, and using the results obtained to optimize laser ion acceleration. We investigate the case of an ultra high intensity (10²² W/cm²) ultra short (20 fs) laser pulse interacting with a near-critical density plasma made of electrons and protons of density 5 n_c (where n_c = 1.1·10²¹ cm^-3 is the critical density for a laser wavelength of 1 µm). Through 2D particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations, we study the optimal target thickness for the maximum conversion efficiency of the laser energy to particles. Theoretical modelling of the predominant laser-plasma interaction mechanisms predicts the particle energy and conversion efficiency optimization. Our studies led to an optimization of the target thickness for maximizing electron and proton acceleration.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOST021

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 08 July 2022

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WEPOST023

Design of a Very Low Energy Beamline for NA61/SHINE

experiment, optics, detector, radiation

1741

C.A. Mussolini, N. Charitonidis
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
P. Burrows, C.A. Mussolini
JAI, Oxford, United Kingdom
P. Burrows, C.A. Mussolini
Oxford University, Physics Department, Oxford, Oxon, United Kingdom
Y. Nagai
Colorado University at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
E.D. Zimmerman
CIPS, Boulder, Colorado, USA

A new, low-energy branch is being designed for the H₂ beamline at the CERN North Experimental Area. This new low-energy branch would extend the capabilities of the current infrastructure enabling the study of particles in the low, 1 - 13 GeV/c, momentum range. The first experiment to profit from this new line will be NA61/SHINE (SPS Heavy Ion and Neutrino Experiment), a multi-purpose experiment studying hadron production in hadron-proton, hadron-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions at the SPS. However, other future fixed target experiments or test-beam experiments installed in the downstream zones could also benefit from the low-energy particles provided. The proposed layout and expected performance of this line, along with estimates of particle rates, and considerations on the technical implementation of the beamline are presented in this contribution. A description on the instrumentation, which will enable particle-by-particle tagging, crucial for the experiments scope, is also discussed.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOST023

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 29 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 05 July 2022

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WEPOST024

Physics Beyond Colliders: The Conventional Beams Working Group

experiment, proton, optics, kaon

1745

C.A. Mussolini, D. Banerjee, A. Baratto Roldan, J. Bernhard, M. Brugger, N. Charitonidis, G.L. D’Alessandro, L. Gatignon, A. Gerbershagen, F. Metzger, R.P. Murphy, E.G. Parozzi, S.M. Schuh-Erhard, F.W. Stummer, M.W.U. Van Dijk
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
F. Metzger
HISKP, Bonn, Germany
R.P. Murphy, F.W. Stummer
Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey, United Kingdom
C.A. Mussolini, F.W. Stummer
JAI, Oxford, United Kingdom
C.A. Mussolini
Oxford University, Physics Department, Oxford, Oxon, United Kingdom
E.G. Parozzi
Universita Milano Bicocca, MILANO, Italy
E.G. Parozzi
INFN MIB, MILANO, Italy

The Physics Beyond Colliders initiative aims to exploit the full scientific potential of the CERN accelerator complex and its scientific infrastructure for particle physics studies, complementary to current and future collider experiments. Several experiments have been proposed to fully utilize and further advance the beam options for the existing fixed target experiments present in the North and East Experimental Areas of the CERN SPS and PS accelerators. We report on progress with the RF-separated beam option for the AMBER experiment, following a recent workshop on this topic. In addition we cover the status of studies for ion beams for the NA⁶⁰⁺ experiment, as well as of those for high intensity beams for Kaon physics and feebly interacting particle searches. With first beams available in 2021 after a CERN-wide long shutdown, several muon beam options were already tested for the NA64mu, MUonE and AMBER experiments.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOST024

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 23 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 10 July 2022

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WEPOST032

Status Report of the 50 MeV LPA-Based Injector at ATHENA for a Compact Storage Ring

plasma, laser, electron, storage-ring

1768

E. Panofski, C. Braun, J. Dirkwinkel, J.B. Gonzalez, T. Hülsenbusch, A.R. Maier, J. Osterhoff, G. Palmer, P.A. Walker, P. Winkler
DESY, Hamburg, Germany
E. Bründermann, B. Härer, A.-S. Müller, A.I. Papash, C. Widmann
KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany
T.F.J. Eichner, L. Hübner, S. Jalas, L. Jeppe, M. Kirchen, P. Messner, M. Schnepp, M. Trunk, C.M. Werle
University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
M. Kaluza, A. Sävert
HIJ, Jena, Germany

Laser-based plasma accelerators (LPA) have successfully demonstrated their capability to generate high-energy electron beams with intrinsically short bunch lengths and high peak currents at a setup with a small footprint. These properties make them attractive drivers for a broad range of different applications including injectors for rf-driven, ring-based light sources. In close collaboration the Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) and the Helmholtz Institute Jena aim to develop a 50 MeV plasma injector and demonstrate the injection into a compact storage ring. This storage ring will be built within the project cSTART at KIT. As part of the ATHENA (Accelerator Technology HElmholtz iNfrAstructure) project, DESY will design, setup and operate a 50 MeV plasma injector prototype for this endeavor. This contribution gives a status update of the 50 MeV LPA-based injector and presents a first layout of the prototype design at DESY in Hamburg.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOST032

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 11 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 12 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 14 June 2022

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WEPOST043

An Effective-Density Model for Accelerating Fields in Laser-Graphene Interactions

laser, plasma, electron, simulation

1795

C. Bonțoiu, O. Apsimon, E. Kukstas, C.P. Welsch, M. Yadav
The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
A. Bonatto
Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
J. Resta-López
ICMUV, Paterna, Spain
G.X. Xia
UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom

Funding: This work was supported by STFC Liverpool Centre for Doctoral Training on Data Intensive Science (LIV. DAT)
With the advancement of high-power UV laser technology, the use of nanostructures for particle acceleration attracts renewed interest due to its possibility of achieving TV/m accelerating gradients in solid state plasmas. Electron acceleration in ionized materials such as carbon nanotubes and graphene is currently considered as a potential alternative to the usual laser wakefield acceleration (LWFA) schemes. An evaluation of the suitability of a graphene target for LWFA can be carried out using an effective density model, thus replacing the need to model each layer. We present a 2D evaluation of the longitudinal electric field driven by a short UV laser pulse in a multi-layer graphene structure, showing that longitudinal fields of ~5 TV/m are achievable.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOST043

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Received ※ 20 May 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 20 June 2022

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WEPOPT015

Study of Hydrodynamic-Tunnelling Effects Induced by High-Energy Proton Beams in Graphite

simulation, proton, coupling, hadron

1870

C. Wiesner, F. Carra, J. Don, I. Kolthoff, A. Lechner, S.R. Rasile, D. Wollmann
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

The design and assessment of machine-protection systems for existing and future high-energy accelerators comprises the study of accidental beam impact on machine elements. In case of a direct impact of a large number of high-energy particle bunches in one location, the damage range in the material is significantly increased due to an effect known as hydrodynamic tunnelling. The effect is caused by the beam-induced reduction of the material density along the beam trajectory, which allows subsequent bunches to penetrate deeper into the target. The assessment of the damage range requires the sequential coupling of an energy-deposition code, like FLUKA, and a hydrodynamic code, like Autodyn. The paper presents the simulations performed for the impact of the nominal LHC beam at 7 TeV on a graphite target. It describes the optimisation of the simulation setup and the required coupling workflow. The resulting energy deposition and the evolution of the target density are discussed.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOPT015

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Received ※ 20 May 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 02 July 2022

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WEPOPT033

Report of RHIC Beam Operation in 2021

operation, luminosity, electron, experiment

1912

C. Liu, P. Adams, E.N. Beebe, S. Binello, I. Blackler, M. Blaskiewicz, K.A. Brown, D. Bruno, B.D. Coe, K.A. Drees, A.V. Fedotov, W. Fischer, C.J. Gardner, C.E. Giorgio, X. Gu, T. Hayes, K. Hock, H. Huang, R.L. Hulsart, T. Kanesue, D. Kayran, N.A. Kling, B. Lepore, Y. Luo, D. Maffei, G.J. Marr, A. Marusic, K. Mernick, R.J. Michnoff, M.G. Minty, J. Morris, C. Naylor, S. Nemesure, M. Okamura, I. Pinayev, S. Polizzo, D. Raparia, G. Robert-Demolaize, T. Roser, J. Sandberg, V. Schoefer, S. Seletskiy, F. Severino, T.C. Shrey, P. Thieberger, M. Valette, A. Zaltsman, I. Zane, K. Zeno, W. Zhang
BNL, Upton, New York, USA

Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
The first priority of RHIC operation in 2021 was the Au+Au collisions at 3.85 GeV/nucleon, which is the lowest energy to complete the 3-year Beam Energy Scan II physics program, with RF-based electron cooling. In addition, RHIC also operated for several other physics programs including fixed target experiments, O+O at 100 GeV/nucleon, Au+Au at 8.65 GeV/nucleon, and d+Au at 100 GeV/nucleon. This report presents the operational experience and the results from RHIC operation in 2021. With Au+Au collisions at 3.85 GeV/nucleon reported in a separate report, this paper focuses on the operation conditions for the other programs mentioned above.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOPT033

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Received ※ 06 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 05 July 2022

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WEPOPT054

Target Studies for the FCC-ee Positron Source

radiation, positron, electron, photon

1979

F. Alharthi, I. Chaikovska, R. Chehab, S. Ogur, A. Ushakov, S. Wallon
Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France
L. Bandiera, A. Mazzolari, M. Romagnoni, A.I. Sytov
INFN-Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
J. Diefenbach, W. Lauth
IKP, Mainz, Germany
O. Khomyshyn
Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
D.M. Klekots
National Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv, The Faculty of Physics, Kyiv, Ukraine
V.V. Mytrochenko
NSC/KIPT, Kharkov, Ukraine
P. Sievers, Y. Zhao
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
M. Soldani
Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy

FCC-ee injector study foresees 3.5~nC electron and positron bunches with 200 Hz repetition and 2 bunches per linac pulse at 6~GeV extraction energy. Regarding the possible options of positron production, we retain both of the conventional amorphous target and the hybrid target options. The hybrid scheme uses an intense photon production by 6 GeV electrons impinging on a crystal oriented along a lattice axis. In such a way, it involves two targets: a crystal as a photon radiator and an amorphous target-converter. Therefore, to avoid early failure or damage of the target, the candidate materials for the crystal and conversion targets have started to be tested by using the intense electron beam at Mainzer Mikrotron in Germany by the end of 2021. By manipulating the beam intensity, focusing, and chopping, a Peak Energy Deposition Density in the tested targets could be achieved close to that generated by the electron/photon beam in the FCC-ee positron target. Radiation-damage studies of the crystal sample have been also performed allowing estimating the effect on the photon enhancement used in the hybrid positron source.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOPT054

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Received ※ 16 June 2022 — Revised ※ 16 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 21 June 2022

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WEPOPT059

Corrections of Systematic Normal Decapole Field Errors in the HL-LHC Separation/Recombination Dipoles

resonance, dynamic-aperture, simulation, dipole

1991

J. Dilly, M. Giovannozzi, R. Tomás García, F.F. Van der Veken
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

Funding: This work has been supported by the HiLumi Project and been sponsored by the Wolfgang Gentner Programme of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Re-search.
Magnetic measurements revealed that the normal decapole (b5) errors of the recombination dipoles (D2) could have a systematic component of up to 11 units. Based on previous studies, it was predicted that the current corrections would not be able to compensate this, thereby leading to a degradation of the dynamic aperture by about 0.5 - 1 ’. On the other hand, the separation dipole D1 is expected to have a systematic b5 component of 6-7 units and its contribution to the resonance driving terms will partly compensate the effect of D2, due to the opposite field strength of the main component. Simulations were performed with the HL-LHC V1.4 lattice to test these concerns and to verify the compensation assumption. In addition, various normal decapole resonance driving terms were examined for correction, the results of which are presented in this contribution.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOPT059

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 03 July 2022

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WEPOPT060

Controlling Landau Damping via Feed-Down From High-Order Correctors in the LHC and HL-LHC

optics, simulation, MMI, controls

1995

J. Dilly, E.H. Maclean, R. Tomás García
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

Funding: This work has been supported by the HiLumi Project and been sponsored by the Wolfgang Gentner Programme of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Re-search.
Amplitude detuning measurements in the LHC have shown that a significant amount of detuning is generated in Beam 1 via feed-down from decapole and dodecapole field errors in the triplets of the experiment insertion regions, while in Beam 2 this detuning is negligible. In this study, we investigate the cause of this behavior and we attempt to find corrections that use the feed-down from the nonlinear correctors in the insertion region for amplitude detuning.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOPT060

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 06 July 2022

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WEPOPT062

Optimisation of the FCC-ee Positron Source Using a HTS Solenoid Matching Device

positron, solenoid, linac, simulation

2003

Y. Zhao, S. Döbert, A. Latina, S. Ogur
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
B. Auchmann, P. Craievich, J. Kosse, R. Zennaro
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
I. Chaikovska, R. Chehab
Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France
M. Duda
IFJ-PAN, Kraków, Poland
P.V. Martyshkin
BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia

In this paper, we present the simulation and optimisation of the FCC-ee positron source, where a high-temperature superconducting (HTS) solenoid is used as the matching device to collect positrons from the target. The "conventional" target scheme is used which simply consists of amorphous tungsten. The target is placed inside the bore of the HTS solenoid to improve the accepted positron yield at the entrance of the damping ring and the location of the target is optimised. The latest recommended baseline beam parameters are used and presented. An optimisation of the ideal positron yield using the analytic SC solenoid on-axis field is also performed and shows that the design of the HTS solenoid is optimal as far as the accepted positron yield is concerned.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOPT062

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 16 June 2022

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WEPOTK006

Proton Beamline Simulations for the High Intensity Muon Beamline at PSI

simulation, proton, optics, cyclotron

2036

M. Haj Tahar, D.C. Kiselev, A. Knecht, D. Laube, D. Reggiani, J. Snuverink, V. Talanov
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland

The High Intensity Proton Accelerator (HIPA) cyclotron at the Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) delivers 590 MeV CW proton beam with a maximum power of 1.42 MW. After extraction, the beam is transferred in a 120 m long channel towards two target stations (TgM and TgE) before depositing its remaining power at the spallation target SINQ for neutron production. As part of the High Intensity Muon Beamline (HIMB) feasibility study, which belongs to the IMPACT (Isotope and Muon Production using Advanced Cyclotron and Target technologies) initiative, the first of these targets will be replaced with a thicker one and its geometry opti- mized thereby specifically boosting the emission of surface muons. In order to assess the impact of the changes on the proton beamline, BDSIM/GEANT4 simulations were performed with the realistic technical design of the target insert, the collimation system was redesigned and the power depositions were benchmarked with MCNP6. In this paper, we discuss the major changes and challenges for HIMB as well as the key considerations in redesigning the optics of the high power beam in the vicinity of the target stations.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOTK006

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 09 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 27 June 2022

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WEPOTK008

Future Neutrino Beam Studies Under the Framework of Physics Beyond Colliders

focusing, experiment, background, detector

2044

E.G. Parozzi
Universita Milano Bicocca, MILANO, Italy
J. Bernhard, M. Brugger, N. Charitonidis, C.A. Mussolini, M.L.A. Perrin-Terrin
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
C.A. Mussolini
JAI, Oxford, United Kingdom
Y. Nagai
ELTE, Budapest, Hungary
Y. Nagai
Colorado University at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA

A Physics Beyond Colliders (PBC) initiative was recently established at CERN to exploit the full scientific potential of its accelerator complex and scientific infrastructure to tackle fundamental open questions in particle physics through experiments complementary to those in current and future colliders. This initiative brings together similar studies to optimize resources globally in order to reach a common goal and promote scientific development efficiently. In this work, we present the work performed by the Conventional Beam Working Group (CBWG) and specifically from the Neutrino Beams (NB) subgroup. The subgroup currently deals with two novel neutrino-tagged beams projects, ENUBET and NUTAG, as well as with a more classic, low energy, beamline dedicated to hadron cross-sections for neutrino beams with the NA61 experiment already installed in the H₂ beamline of the CERN North Area. This contribution will detail the advances made with these three projects as well as their status and future plans.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOTK008

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 17 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 23 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 27 June 2022

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WEPOTK019

Status of the Laser Ion Source Upgrade (LION2) at BNL

solenoid, laser, extraction, plasma

2087

T. Kanesue, B.D. Coe, S. Ikeda, S.A. Kondrashev, C.J. Liaw, M. Okamura, R.H. Olsen, T. Rodowicz, R. Schoepfer, L. Smart, D. Weiss, Y. Zhang
BNL, Upton, New York, USA
A. Cannavò
NPI, Řež near Prague, Czech Republic

Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy, and by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
A laser ion source (LION) at Brookhaven National Labor-atory (BNL) has been operational since 2014 to provide low charge state heavy ions of various species for Rela-tivistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL). Pulsed ion beams (100~300 µs) with beam current ranging from 100 µA to 1 mA from any solid-state targets can be supplied without memory effect of previous beams at pulse-by-pulse basis. LION is an essential device for the operation of a galactic cosmic ray simulator at NSRL together with high-performance beams for RHIC. Because the importance of LION has been widely recognized, an upgraded version of LION, which is called LION2, is being developed for improved performance and reliability. The design and status of the LION2 will be shown.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOTK019

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Received ※ 15 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 17 June 2022

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WEPOTK033

Layouts for Feasibility Studies of Fixed-Target Experiments at the LHC

experiment, dipole, proton, collimation

2134

P.D. Hermes, K.A. Dewhurst, A.S. Fomin, D. Mirarchi, S. Redaelli
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

The Physics Beyond Colliders (PBC) study investigates means of exploiting the potential of the CERN accelerator complex to complement the laboratory’s scientific programme at the main Large Hadron Collider (LHC) experiments. The LHC fixed-target (FT) working group studies new experiments at beam energies up to 7 TeV. One of the proposed experiments is based on a bent crystal, part of the collimation hierarchy, to extract secondary halo particles and steer them onto a target. A second bent crystal immediately downstream of the target is used to study electric and magnetic dipole moments of short-lived baryons. The possibility to install a test stand in the LHC off-momentum collimation Insertion Region (IR3) to demonstrate the feasibility and performance of this challenging scheme is currently under investigation. The integration of a spectrometer magnet into the present layout is particularly critical. In this contribution, we study a possible test setup that could be used in LHC Run 3.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOTK033

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 28 June 2022

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WEPOMS046

Machine Learning-Based Modeling of Muon Beam Ionization Cooling

emittance, simulation, lattice, collider

2354

E. Fol, D. Schulte
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
C.T. Rogers
STFC/RAL/ISIS, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom

Surrogate modeling can lead to significant improvements of beam dynamics simulations in terms of computational time and resources. Application of supervised machine learning, using collected simulation data allows to build surrogate models which can estimate beam parameters evolution based on the provided cooling channel design. The created models help to understand the correlations between different lattice components and the importance of specific beam properties for the cooling performance. We present the application of surrogate modeling to enhance final muon cooling design studies, demonstrating the potential of such approach to be integrated into the design and optimization of other components of future colliders.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOMS046

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 28 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 04 July 2022 — Issue date ※ 05 July 2022

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THPOST035

Status of the Engineering Design of the IFMIF-DONES High Energy Beam Transport Line and Beam Dump System

vacuum, beam-transport, diagnostics, neutron

2520

D. Sánchez-Herranz, O. Nomen, M. Sanmartí, B.K. Singh
IREC, Sant Adria del Besos, Spain
F. Arranz, C. Oliver, I. Podadera
CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain
P. Cara
IFMIF/EVEDA, Rokkasho, Japan
V. Hauer
KIT, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
F. Ogando
UNED, Madrid, Spain
D. Sánchez-Herranz
UGR, Granada, Spain

Funding: Work performed within framework of EUROfusion Consortium, funded by European Union via Euratom Research & Training Programme (Grant Agreement 101052200’EUROfusion). Views & opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Commission. Neither European Union nor European Commission can be held responsible for them.
IFMIF-DONES plant (International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility ’ DEMO Oriented Neutron Source) will be an installation located in the south of Spain at Granada. Its objective is the fusion material testing by the generation of a neutron flux with a broad energy distribution covering the typical neutron spectrum of a (D-T) fusion reactor. This is achieved by the Li(d, xn) nuclear reactions occurring in a liquid lithium target where a 40 MeV at 125 mA deuteron beam with a variable rectangular beam footprint between 100mm x 50mm and 200mm x 50mm collides. The accelerator system is in charge of providing such high energy deuterons in order to produce the required neutron flux. The High Energy Beam Transport line is the last subsystem of the IFMIF-DONES accelerator and its main functions are to guide the deuteron beam towards the liquid lithium target and to shape it with the required rectangular reference beam footprint. The present work details the status of the HEBT engineering design, including beam dynamics, vacuum configuration, radioprotection, beam diagnostics devices and remote handling analyses performed detailing the layout and integration.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOST035

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Received ※ 19 May 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 14 June 2022

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THPOST037

Analysis with MECAmaster on the Chain of Design Tolerances for the Target Systems at the European Spallation Source - ESS

alignment, shielding, neutron, interface

2524

A. Bignami, N. Gazis, S. Ghatnekar Nilsson
ESS, Lund, Sweden
B. Nicquevert
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

The European Spallation Source - ESS, has achieved its major construction in Lund, Sweden and is currently continuing in parallel to commissioning its first systems. ESS is characterized by installing and commissioning the most powerful proton LINear ACcelerator (LINAC) designed for neutron production and a 5MW Target system for the production of pulsed neutrons from spallation. The highly challenging and complex design of the Target and Neutron Scattering System (NSS) requires an in-depth analysis of the impact of the stringent manufacturing requirements and tight design tolerances. A campaign of several MECAmaster simulations was performed by ESS Target Division (TD) and Engineering and Integration Support (EIS) Division, focusing on those components that successively come close to their installation and are known for their criticality in terms of achieving the final installation tolerances. The aim of this current study is to investigate and statistically list the possibilities of eventual criticality on the assembly and installation processes, allowing for potential design optimization, tooling implementation and adjustment of the installation procedures.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOST037

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 11 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 02 July 2022

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THPOTK022

Cryogenic Infrastructure for the Mainz Energy-Recovering Superconducting Accelerator (MESA)

cryogenics, experiment, cryomodule, SRF

2813

T. Stengler, K. Aulenbacher, F. Hug, P.S. Plattner, D. Simon
KPH, Mainz, Germany

Funding: Work supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG) under the Cluster of Excellence "PRISMA+" EXC 2118/2019
The "Mainz Energy-Recovering Superconducting Accelerator" (MESA), currently under construction at the Institute of Nuclear Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany, requires a cryogenic infrastructure for its superconducting components. Prior to the start of the project, a helium liquefier was purchased that is capable of supplying the existing infrastructure of the Institute for Nuclear Physics, as well as the SRF test facility of the Helmholtz Institute. The liquefier has already been purchased in such a way that nitrogen pre-cooling can be integrated and can be upgraded for the operation of MESA. In addition to the superconducting accelerator modules, all components of the P2 experiment, i.e. solenoid, target and polarimeter (hydromoller), must also be supplied with liquid helium. Therefore, besides the upgrade of the liquefier, it is necessary to extend the system with a dedicated cryogenic supply for the P2 target. This paper presents the current status of the cryogenic supply of the MESA accelerator, the future modifications and additions.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOTK022

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 06 July 2022

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THPOTK023

Ferrite Specification for the Mu2e 300 kHz and 4.4 MHz AC Dipole Magnets

proton, dipole, experiment, electron

2816

K.P. Harrig, E. Prebys
UCD, Davis, California, USA
L. Elementi, C.C. Jensen, H. Pfeffer, D.A. Still, I. Terechkine, S.J. Werkema, M. Wong
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA

Funding: Work supported by by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, in addition to grant DE-SC0019254.
The Mu2e experiment at Fermilab will measure the rate for neutrinoless-conversion of negative muons into electrons with never-before-seen precision. This experiment will use a pulsed 8 GeV proton beam with pulses separated by 1.7 µs. To suppress beam induced backgrounds to this process, a set of dipoles operating at 300 kHz and 4.4 MHz have been developed that will reduce the fraction of out-of-time protons at the level of 1E-10 or less. Selection of magnetic ferrite material for construction must be carefully considered given the high repetition rate and duty cycle that can lead to excess heating in conventional magnetic material. A model of the electromagnetic and thermal properties of candidate ferrite materials has been constructed. Magnetic permeability, inductance, and power loss were measured at the two operating frequencies in toroidal ferrite samples as well as in the ferrites from which prototype magnets were built. Additionally, the outgassing rates of the ferrite material was measured to determine vacuum compatibility. The outcome of this work is a detailed specification of the electrical and mechanical details of the ferrite material required for this application.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOTK023

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Received ※ 30 May 2022 — Revised ※ 11 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 23 June 2022

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THPOTK039

The Effect of Activation Duration on the Performance of Non-Evaporable Getter Coatings

vacuum, injection, ECR, experiment

2854

E.A. Marshall, O.B. Malyshev, R. Valizadeh
STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom

Non-evaporable getter (NEG) coatings can be activated at temperatures as low as 140°C. However, better pumping properties are achieved using higher temperatures, between 150-300 °C. This paper investigates whether using an increased activation duration can improve the NEG properties obtained using lower activation temperatures, and so decrease the energy and temperature requirement. This could allow a greater range of materials to be used in particle accelerator systems. Our findings have shown that increasing activation duration from 24 hrs to 1 week at 160 °C produces an improvement in the NEG pumping properties.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOTK039

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Received ※ 01 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 10 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 17 June 2022

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THPOTK048

Radiation Load Studies for the FCC-ee Positron Source with a Superconducting Matching Device

positron, collider, shielding, electron

2879

B. Humann
TU Vienna, Wien, Austria
B. Auchmann, J. Kosse
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
I. Chaikovska, S. Ogur
Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France
B. Humann, A. Latina, A. Lechner, Y. Zhao
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

For an electron-positron collider like FCC-ee, the production of positrons plays a crucial role. One of the design options considered for the FCC-ee positron source employs a superconducting solenoid made of HTS coils as an adiabatic matching device. The solenoid, which is placed around the production target, is needed to capture positrons before they can be accelerated in a linear accelerator. A superconducting solenoid yields a higher peak field than a conventional-normal conducting magnetic flux concentrator, therefore increasing the achievable positron yield. In order to achieve an acceptable positron production, the considered target is made of tungsten-rhenium, which gives also a significant flux of un-wanted secondary particles, that in turn could generate a too large radiation load on the superconducting coils. In this study, we assess the feasibility of such a positron source by studying the heat load and long-term radiation damage in the superconducting matching device and surrounding structures. Results are presented for different geometric configurations of the superconducting matching device.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOTK048

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 07 July 2022

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THPOTK049

Irradiation of Low-Z Carbon-Based Materials with 440 GeV/c Proton Beam for High Energy & Intensity Beam Absorbers: The CERN HiRadMat-56-HED Experiment

experiment, proton, operation, simulation

2883

P. Andreu Muñoz, M. Calviani, N. Charitonidis, A. Cherif, E.M. Farina, A.M. Krainer, A. Lechner, J. Maestre, F.-X. Nuiry, R. Seidenbinder, C. Torregrosa
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
P. Simon
TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany

The beam stored energy and the peak intensity of CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will grow in the next few years. The former will increase from the 320 MJ values of Run2 (2015-2018) to almost 540 MJ during Run3 (2022 onwards) and 680 MJ during the HL-LHC era putting stringent requirements on beam intercepting devices, such as absorbers and dumps. The HiRadMat-56-HED (High-Energy Dumps) experiment performed in Autumn 2021 executed at CERN HiRadMat facility employed the Super Proton Synchrotron accelerator (SPS) 440 GeV/c proton beam to impact different low-density carbon-based materials targets to assess their performance to these higher energy beam conditions. The study focused on advanced grades of graphitic materials, including isostatic graphite, carbon-fiber reinforced carbon and carbon-SiC materials in addition to flexible expanded graphite. Some of them specifically tailored in collaboration with industry to very specific properties. The objectives of this experiment are: (i) to assess the performance of existing and potentially suitable advanced materials for the currently operating LHC beam dumps and (ii) to study alternative materials for the HL-LHC main dump or for the Future Circular Collider dump systems. The contribution will detail the R&D phase during design, the execution of the experiment, the pre-irradiation tests as well as the first post irradiation examination of the target materials. Lessons learnt and impact on operational devices will also be drawn.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOTK049

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Received ※ 03 June 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 04 July 2022

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THPOTK052

Muon Collider Graphite Target Studies and Demonstrator Layout Possibilities at CERN

collider, proton, shielding, radiation

2895

F.J. Saura Esteban, M. Calviani, D. Calzolari, R. Franqueira Ximenes, A.M. Krainer, A. Lechner, R. Losito, D. Schulte
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
C.T. Rogers
STFC/RAL/ISIS, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom

Muon colliders offer enormous potential for research of the particle physics frontier. Leptons can be accelerated without suffering large synchrotron radiation losses. The International Muon Collider Collaboration is considering 3 and 10 TeV (CM) machines for a conceptual stage. In the core of the Muon Collider facility lays a MW class production target, which will absorb a high power (1 and 3 MW) proton beam to produce muons via pion decay. The target must withstand high dynamic thermal loads induced by 2 ns pulses at 5-50 Hz. Also, operational reliability must be guaranteed to reduce target exchanges to a minimum. Several technologies for these systems are being studied in different laboratories. We present in this paper the results of a preliminary feasibility study of a graphite-based target, and the different layouts under study for a demonstrator target complex at CERN. Synergies with advanced nuclear systems are being explored for the development of a liquid metal target.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOTK052

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 18 June 2022

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THPOTK053

Foiled Again: Solid-State Sample Delivery for High Repetition Rate XFELs

laser, FEL, experiment, controls

2899

N. Majernik, N. Inzunza, P. Manwani, J.B. Rosenzweig
UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
R.B. Agustsson, A. Moro
RadiaBeam, Santa Monica, California, USA
R. Ash, N.B. Welke
UW-Madison/PD, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
U. Bergmann, A. Halavanau, C. Pellegrini
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA

Funding: Department of Energy DE-SC0009914 and DE-AC02-76SF00515
XFELs today are capable of delivering high intensity pulse trains of x-rays with up-to MHz to sub-GHz frequency. These x-rays, when focused, can ablate a sample in a single shot, requiring the sample material to be replaced in time for the next shot. For some applications, especially serial crystallography, the sample may be renewed as a dilute solution in a high speed jet. Here, we describe the development and characterization of a system to deliver solid state sample material to an XFEL nanofocus. The first application of this system will be an x-ray laser oscillator operating at the copper Kα line with a ~30 ns cavity.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOTK053

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Received ※ 06 June 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 02 July 2022

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THPOTK058

CERN’s East Experimental Area: A New Modern Physics Facility

experiment, MMI, operation, secondary-beams

2911

S. Evrard, D. Banerjee, J. Bernhard, F. Carvalho, S. Danzeca, M. Lazzaroni, B. Rae, G. Romagnoli
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

CERN’s East Area has hosted a variety of fixed-target experiments since the 1950s, using four beamlines from the Proton Synchrotron (PS). Over the past 4 years, the experimental area - CERN’s second largest - has undergone a complete makeover. New instrumentation and beamline configuration have improved the precision of data collection, and new magnets and power convertors have drastically reduced the area’s energy consumption. This article will summarize the major challenges encountered for the design of the renovated beamlines and for the preparation and test of the components. The infrastructure was carefully fitted resulting in a very smooth beam commissioning, the details of which will also be presented along with the restart of physics in the second half of 2021. With the return of the beams in the accelerator complex, the East Area’s experiments have taken physics measurements again and the facility’s central role in the modern physics landscape has been restored.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOTK058

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 05 July 2022

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THPOTK061

Machine Learning Approach to Temporal Pulse Shaping for the Photoinjector Laser at CLARA

laser, network, experiment, electron

2917

A.E. Pollard, D.J. Dunning, W.A. Okell, E.W. Snedden
STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom

The temporal profile of the electron bunch is of critical importance in accelerator areas such as free-electron lasers and novel acceleration. In FELs, it strongly influences factors including efficiency and the profile of the photon pulse generated for user experiments, while in novel acceleration techniques it contributes to enhanced interaction of the witness beam with the driving electric field. Work is in progress at the CLARA facility at Daresbury Laboratory on temporal shaping of the ultraviolet photoinjector laser, using a fused-silica acousto-optic modulator. Generating a user-defined (programmable) time-domain target profile requires finding the corresponding spectral phase configuration of the shaper; this is a non-trivial problem for complex pulse shapes. Physically informed machine learning models have shown great promise in learning complex relationships in physical systems, and so we apply machine learning techniques here to learn the relationships between the spectral phase and the target temporal intensity profiles. Our machine learning model extends the range of available photoinjector laser pulse shapes by allowing users to achieve physically realisable configurations for arbitrary temporal pulse shapes.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOTK061

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Received ※ 30 May 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 01 July 2022 — Issue date ※ 03 July 2022

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THPOMS006

A Carbon Minibeam Irradiation Facility Concept

radiation, proton, linac, quadrupole

2947

M. Mayerhofer, G. Dollinger, M.A. Sammer
Universität der Bundeswehr Muenchen, Neubiberg, Germany
V. Bencini
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

In minibeam therapy, the sparing of deep-seated normal tissue is limited by transverse beam spread caused by small-angle scattering. Contrary to proton minibeams, helium or carbon minibeams experience less deflection, which potentially reduces side effects. To verify this potential, an irradiation facility for preclinical and clinical studies is needed. This manuscript presents a concept for a carbon minibeam irradiation facility based on a LINAC design for conventional carbon therapy. A quadrupole triplet focuses the LINAC beam to submillimeter minibeams. A scanning and a dosimetry unit are provided to move the minibeam over the target and monitor the applied dose. The beamline was optimized by TRAVEL simulations. The interaction between beam and these components and the resulting beam parameters at the focal plane is evaluated by TOPAS simulations. A transverse beamwidth of < 100 µm (σ) and a peak-to-valley (energy) dose ratio of > 1000 results for carbon energies of 100 MeV/u and 430 MeV/u (about 3 cm and 30 cm range in water) whereby the average beam current is about 30 nA. Therefore, the presented irradiation facility exceeds the requirements for hadron minibeam therapy.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS006

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Received ※ 16 May 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 29 June 2022

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THPOMS007

Beam Diagnostics for FLASH RT in the Varian ProBeam System

controls, radiation, proton, operation

2951

M. Schedler, S. Busold
VMS-PT, Troisdorf, Germany
M. Bräuer
Siemens Med, Erlangen, Germany

FLASH RT is a novel ultra-high dose rate radiation therapy technique with the potential of sparing radiation induced damages to healthy tissue while keeping tumor control unchanged. Recent studies indicate that this so-called FLASH effect occurs when applying high doses of several Grays in a fraction of a second only, and thus significantly faster than with conventionally available radiation therapy systems today. Varian’s ProBeam system has been enabled to deliver ultra-high beam currents for FLASH treatments at 250 MeV beam energy. The first clinical trial is currently conducted at Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and all involved human patients have been successfully irradiated at FLASH dose rates, operating the system at cw cyclotron beam currents of up to 400 nA. With these modifications, treatment times could be reduced down to less than a second. First automated switching between conventional and FLASH operation modes has been demonstrated in non-clinical environment, including switching of the dose monitor system characteristics and all involved beam diagnostics. Furthermore, for an improved online beam current control system with full control over dose rate in addition to dose Varian has demonstrated first promising results that may improve future applications.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS007

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 04 July 2022

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THPOMS022

Production of Radioisotopes for Cancer Imaging and Treatment with Compact Linear Accelerators

linac, proton, rfq, cyclotron

2996

M. Vretenar, A. Mamaras
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
G. Bisoffi
INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy
P. Foka
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany

Accelerator-produced radioisotopes are widely used in modern medicine, for imaging, for cancer therapy, and for combinations of therapy and diagnostics. Clinical trials are well advanced for several radioisotope-based treatments that might open the way to a strong request of specific accelerator systems dedicated to radioisotope production. While cyclotrons are the standard tool in this domain, we explore here alternative options using linear accelerators. Compared to cyclotrons, linacs have the advantage of modularity, compactness, and reduced beam loss with lower shielding requirements. Although in general more expensive than cyclotrons, linacs are competitive in cost for production of low-energy proton beams, or of intense beams of heavier particles. After a review of radioisotopes of potential interest, in particular those produced with low-energy protons or helium, this paper presents two linac-based isotope production systems. The first is a compact RFQ-based system for PET isotopes, and the second is an alpha-particle linac for production of alpha-emitters. The accelerator systems are described, together with calculations of production yields for different targets.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS022

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Received ※ 20 May 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 17 June 2022

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THPOMS023

Design of the 590 MeV Proton Beamline for the Proposed TATTOOS Isotope Production Target at PSI

proton, simulation, neutron, site

3000

M. Hartmann, D.C. Kiselev, D. Reggiani, M. Seidel, J. Snuverink, H. Zhang
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland

IMPACT (Isotope and Muon Production with Advanced Cyclotron and Target Technologies) is a proposed initiative envisaged for the high-intensity proton accelerator facility (HIPA) at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI). As part of IMPACT, a radioisotope target station, TATTOOS (Targeted Alpha Tumour Therapy and Other Oncological Solutions) will allow the production of terbium radionuclides for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. The proposed TATTOOS beamline and target will be located near the UCN (Ultra Cold Neutron source) target area, branching off from the main UCN beamline. In particular, the beamline is intended to operate at a beam intensity of 100 µA, requiring a continuous splitting of the main beam via an electrostatic splitter. Realistic beam loss simulations to verify safe operation have been performed and optimised using Beam Delivery Simulation (BDSIM), a Geant4 based tool enabling the simulation of beam transportation through magnets and particle passage through the accelerator. In this study, beam profiles, beam transmission and power deposits are generated and studied.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS023

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Received ※ 18 May 2022 — Revised ※ 31 May 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 04 July 2022

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THPOMS033

Design and Optimisation of a Stationary Chest Tomosynthesis System with Multiple Flat Panel Field Emitter Arrays: Monte Carlo Simulations and Computer Aided Designs

photon, simulation, electron, diagnostics

3034

T.G. Primidis, C.P. Welsch
The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
T.G. Primidis, C.P. Welsch
Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
T.G. Primidis
King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
V. Soloviev, S.G. Wells
Adaptix Ltd, Oxford, United Kingdom

Funding: Funded by the Accelerators for Security, Healthcare and Environment Centre for Doctoral Training of the United Kingdom Research and Innovation, Science and Technology Facilities Council, ST/R002142/1
Digital tomosynthesis (DT) allows 3D imaging by using a ~30° range of projections instead of a full circle as in computed tomography (CT). Patient doses can be ~10 times lower than CT and similar to 2D radiography but diagnostic ability is significantly better than 2D radiography and can approach that of CT. Moreover, cold-cathode field emission technology allows the integration of 10s of X-ray sources into source arrays that are smaller and lighter than conventional X-ray tubes. The distributed source positions avoid the need for source movements and Adaptix Ltd has demonstrated stationary 3D imaging with this technology in dentistry, orthopaedics, veterinary medicine and non-destructive testing. In this work we present Monte Carlo simulations of an upgrade to the Adaptix technology to specifications suited for chest DT and we show computer aided designs for a system with various populations of these source arrays. We conclude that stationary arrays of cold-cathode X-ray sources could replace movable X-ray tubes for 3D imaging and different arrangements of many such arrays could be used to tailor the X-ray fields to different patient size and diagnostic objective.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS033

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 22 June 2022

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THPOMS035

First Production of Astatine-211 at Crocker Nuclear Laboratory at UC Davis

cyclotron, proton, isotope-production, ISOL

3038

E. Prebys, D.A. Cebra, R.B. Kibbee, L.M. Korkeila, K.S. Stewart
UCD, Davis, California, USA
M.R. Backfish
UC Davis, Davis, USA

Funding: This work partially supported by the US DOE under contract DE-SC0020407
There is a great deal of interest in the medical community in the use of the alpha-emitter At-211 as a therapeutic isotope. Among other things, its 7.2 hour half life is long enough to allow for recovery and labeling, but short enough to avoid long term activity in patients. Unfortunately, the only practical technique for its production is to bombard a Bi-209 target with a ~29 MeV alpha beam, so it is not accessible to commercial isotope production facilities, which all use fixed energy proton beams. The US Department of Energy is therefore supporting the development of a "University Isotope Network" (UIN) to satisfy this need. As part of this effort, we have developed an At-211 production facility using the variable-energy, multi-species cyclotron at Crocker Nuclear Lab the University of California, Davis. This effort relies on a beam probe which has been modified to serve as an internal Bi-209 target, to avoid problems with alpha particle extraction efficiency. This poster will data on the first production and recovery of At-211 using this system.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS035

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Received ※ 09 June 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 03 July 2022

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THPOMS038

Spallation Target Optimization for ADS by Monte Carlo Codes

neutron, proton, experiment, site

3049

MumyapanM. Mumyapan, J.-S. Chai, M. Ghergherehchi, D.H. Ha, H. Namgoong
SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea

Accelerator Driven Systems are advanced systems for the use of Thorium as fuel, aiming to reduce nuclear waste through transmutation. The spallation target, which is responsible for producing neutrons, is one of the main parts of the ADS system. In this research, neutronic parameters of spallation targets consisting of several materials LBE, Mercury, Lead, Mercury on the cylindrical, box, and conic shapes using Monte Carlo codes (FLUKA, PHITS, MCNPX) was investigated. Energy Deposition and spallation neutron yield of spallation target with different shapes and dimensions have been calculated to optimization of the target. According to the results, the neutron yield values from MCNPX and PHITS are similar and it’s close to the experimental result. On the other hand, the error rate of the values in FLUKA is higher.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS038

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Received ※ 16 May 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 17 June 2022

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THPOMS042

Development of a Cyclotron Based External Beam Irradiation System for Elemental Analysis

proton, radiation, cyclotron, simulation

3064

P. Thongjerm, A. Ngamlamiad, W. Pornroongruengchok, K. Tangpong, S. Wonglee
Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology, Nakhon Nayok, Thailand

We present the studies carried out at the cyclotron facility at Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology (TINT, Nakhon Nayok, Thailand). The cyclotron accelerates up to 30 MeV proton with a maximum beam current of 200 µA. Proton beam is transported to three target halls, including the R&D vault. Particularly, the R&D beamline consists of a five-port switching magnet allowing further extension for multidisciplinary research and experiments. The first station of the research vault is dedicated to non-destructive and multi-elemental analysis using proton-induced x-ray (PIXE) and proton-induced gamma (PIGE) techniques. For this purpose, the beam is extracted through an exit foil to the air. The beam size is then shaped by a set of collimators before reaching a sample. However, the range of the protons in air and the attenuation of x-rays may deteriorate. Therefore, the external irradiation system, including exit foil, collimator and detector arrangement, is evaluated in Geant4 to optimise the proton beam quality and improve detection efficiency. A detailed description of the simulation and results are discussed in this work.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS042

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Received ※ 16 June 2022 — Revised ※ 16 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 23 June 2022

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THPOMS043

Mu*STAR: Superconducting Accelerator Driven Subcritical Molten Salt Nuclear Power Plants

neutron, site, operation, extraction

3067

R.P. Johnson, R.J. Abrams, M.A. Cummings, J.D. Lobo, T.J. Roberts
Muons, Inc, Illinois, USA

The Mu*STAR Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) is a transformational and disruptive concept using advances in superconducting accelerator technology to burn spent nuclear fuel (SNF) to close the fuel cycle and to eliminate need for uranium enrichment. One linac drives multiple Mu*STAR Small Modular Reactors (SMR) using subcritical molten salt fueled reactors with an internal spallation neutron target. Neutrons initiate fission chains that die out in the subcritical core. That means intrinsic immunity to criticality accidents. This new way to make nuclear energy employs continuous online removal of all fission products from molten salt fuel volatiles removed by helium purge gas. This reduces chance of accidental release. Non-volatiles removed by vortex separators, allowing complete burning of SNF.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS043

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Received ※ 09 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 16 June 2022

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THPOMS050

Design of Linac Based Neutron Source

neutron, electron, photon, linac

3084

N. Upadhyay, S. Chacko
University of Mumbai, Mumbai, India
A.P. Deshpande, T.S. Dixit, R. Krishnan
SAMEER, Mumbai, India

Neutron sources are of great utility for various applications, especially in the fields of nuclear medicine, nuclear energy and imaging. At SAMEER, we have designed a linear electron accelerator based neutron source via photo-neutron generation. The accelerator is a 15 MeV linac with both photon and electron mode and is capable of delivering high beam current to achieve beam power of 1 to 2 kW. Efforts are in place to achieve further higher beam powers. 15 MeV electrons are incident on a bremsstrahlung target followed by a secondary target to achieve neutrons. To further optimize and enhance the neutron yield, backing material is provided. In this paper, we present the simulation of (e, g) and (g, n) processes using the Monte Carlo code FLUKA. The optimization of Tungsten as the convertor target whereas of the Beryllium as the neutron target is discussed in detail. We have explored various backing materials in order to optimize the total neutron yield as well as the thermal neutron yield. The simulation results have been considered for the finalisation of all material parameters for the set-up of this neutron source activity.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS050

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 11 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 12 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 14 June 2022

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THPOMS051

Study on Construction of an Additional Beamline for a Compact Neutron Source Using a 30 Mev Proton Cyclotron

neutron, proton, beam-transport, cyclotron

3087

Y. Kuriyama, M. Hino, Y. Iwashita, R.N. Nakamura, H. Tanaka
Kyoto University, Research Reactor Institute, Osaka, Japan

The Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University (KURNS) has been actively using neutrons extracted from the research reactor (KUR) for collaborative research. Since the operation of KUR is scheduled to be terminated in 2026 according to the current reactor operation plan, the development of a general-purpose neutron source using the 30 MeV proton cyclotron (HM-30) installed at KURNS for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) research has been discussed as an alternative neutron source. In this presentation, we report on the conceptual design of an additional beamline for a compact neutron source using this cyclotron.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS051

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Received ※ 20 May 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 18 June 2022

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THPOMS053

Proton Beam Irradiation System for Space Part Test

proton, radiation, simulation, vacuum

3093

H.-J. Kwon, J.J. Dang, W.-H. Jung, H.S. Kim, K.Y. Kim, K.R. Kim, S. Lee, Y.G. Song, S.P. Yun
KOMAC, KAERI, Gyeongju, Republic of Korea

Funding: This work is supported by the Nuclear Research and Development Program (2021M2D1A1045615) through the National Research Foundation of Korea.
A proton beam irradiation system for space part test has been developed at Korea Multi-purpose Accelerator Complex (KOMAC) based on 100 MeV proton linac. It consists of a thermal vacuum chamber, a beam diagnostic system and a control system in the low flux beam target room. The thermal vacuum chamber accommodates the capacity for proton beam irradiation in addition to temperature control in vacuum condition. The beam diagnostic system is newly installed to measure the lower dose rate than existing one. In this paper, the proton beam irradiation system for space part test including a thermal vacuum chamber, newly installed beam diagnostic system is presented.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS053

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 17 June 2022

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THPOMS054

Beam Lines and Stations for Applied Research Based on Ion Beams Extracted from Nuclotron

detector, radiation, experiment, diagnostics

3096

G.A. Filatov, A. Agapov, A.A. Baldin, A.V. Butenko, A.R. Galimov, S.Yu. Kolesnikov, K.N. Shipulin, A. Slivin, E. Syresin, G.N. Timoshenko, A. Tuzikov, A.S. Vorozhtsov
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
S. Antoine, W. Beeckman, X.G. Duveau, J. Guerra-Phillips, P.J. Jehanno
SIGMAPHI S.A., Vannes, France
D.V. Bobrovskiy, A.I. Chumakov
MEPhI, Moscow, Russia
P.N. Chernykh, S. Osipov, E. Serenkov
Ostec Enterprise Ltd, Moscow, Russia
D.G. Firsov, A.S. Kubankin, Yu.S. Kubankin
LLC "Vacuum systems and technologies", Belgorod, Russia
I.L. Glebov, V.A. Luzanov
GIRO-PROM, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
T. Kulevoy
NRC, Moscow, Russia
Y.E. Titarenko
ITEP, Moscow, Russia

New beamlines and irradiation stations of the Nuclotron-based Ion Collider fAcility (NICA) are currently under construction at JINR. These facilities for applied research will provide testing on capsulated microchips (ion energy range of 150-500 MeV/n) at the Irradiation Setup for Components of Radioelectronic Apparatus (ISCRA) and space radiobiological research (ion energy range 400-1100 MeV/n) at the Setup for Investigation of Medical Biological Objects (SIMBO). In this note, the technical details of SIMBO and ISCRA stations and their beamlines are described and discussed.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS054

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Received ※ 20 May 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 06 July 2022

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