MC6: Beam Instrumentation, Controls, Feedback and Operational Aspects
T18: Radiation Monitoring and Safety

Paper	Title	Page
MOPOMS039	Study of Material Choice in Beam Dumps for Energetic Electron Beams	721
	D. Zhu, R.T. Dowd, Y.E. Tan AS - ANSTO, Clayton, Australia
	Lead is typ­i­cally used as the ini­tial tar­get in a de­sign for beam dumps for high en­ergy elec­tron beams (>20 MeV). Elec­tron beams with en­er­gies above 20 MeV are usu­ally built within con­crete bunkers and there­fore the de­sign of any beam dump would just be a lead block (very cost ef­fec­tive) as close to the elec­tron source as pos­si­ble, after a vac­uum flange of some sort. In a study of a hy­po­thet­i­cal 100 MeV elec­tron beam in­side a con­crete bunker with an ex­tremely low dose rate con­straint out­side the bunker, the thick­ness of lead re­quired would have been too re­stric­tive for a com­pact de­sign. In this study we in­ves­ti­gate the po­ten­tial ben­e­fits of de­signs that in­corpo-rate low Z ma­te­ri­als like graphite as the pri­mary tar­get ma­te­r­ial in vac­uum fol­lowed by pro­gres­sively higher Z ma­te­ri­als up to lead. The re­sults show the more dif­fuse elas­tic scat­ter­ing from the pri­mary tar­get re­duces the back scat­tered pho­tons and re­duces the over­all neu­tron gen­era-tion. The ef­fect was a more com­pact de­sign for the beam dump to meet the same dose rate con­straint.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOMS039
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 09 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 19 June 2022
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MOPOMS040	Radiation Shielding Design for the X-Band Laboratory for Radio-Frequency Test Facility - X-Lab - at the University of Melbourne	724
	M. Volpi, R.P. Rassool, S.L. Sheehy, G. Taylor, S.D. Williams The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia D. Banon-Caballero IFIC, Valencia, Spain M. Boronat, N. Catalán Lasheras CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland R.T. Dowd AS - ANSTO, Clayton, Australia S.L. Sheehy ANSTO, Kirrawee DC New South Wales, Australia
	Here we re­port ra­di­a­tion dose es­ti­mates cal­cu­lated for the X-band Lab­o­ra­tory for Ac­cel­er­a­tors and Beams (X-LAB) under con­struc­tion at the Uni­ver­sity of Mel­bourne (UoM). The lab will host a CERN X-band test stand con­tain­ing two 12 GHz 6 MW kly­stron am­pli­fiers. By power com­bi­na­tion through hy­brid cou­plers and the use of pulse com­pres­sors, up to 50 MW of peak power can be sent to any of to ei­ther of the two test slots at pulse rep­e­ti­tion rates up to 400 Hz. The test stand is ded­i­cated to RF con­di­tion­ing and test­ing CLIC’s high gra­di­ent ac­cel­er­at­ing struc­tures be­yond 100 MV/m. This paper also gives a brief overview of the gen­eral prin­ci­ples of ra­di­a­tion pro­tec­tion leg­is­la­tion; ex­plains ra­di­o­log­i­cal quan­ti­ties and units, in­clud­ing some basic facts about ra­dioac­tiv­ity and the bi­o­log­i­cal ef­fects of ra­di­a­tion; and gives an overview of the clas­si­fi­ca­tion of ra­di­o­log­i­cal areas at X-LAB, ra­di­a­tion fields at high-en­ergy ac­cel­er­a­tors, and the ra­di­a­tion mon­i­tor­ing sys­tem used at X-LAB. The bunker de­sign to achieve a dose rate less than an­nual dose limit of 1 mSv is also shown.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOMS040
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 15 June 2022
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MOPOMS041	Concrete Shielding Activation for Proton Therapy Systems Using BDSIM and FISPACT-II	728
SUSPMF096	use link to see paper's listing under its alternate paper code
	E. Ramoisiaux, E. Gnacadja, C. Hernalsteens, N. Pauly, R. Tesse, M. Vanwelde ULB, Bruxelles, Belgium C. Hernalsteens CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland F. Stichelbaut IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
	Pro­ton ther­apy sys­tems are used world­wide for pa­tient treat­ment and fun­da­men­tal re­search. The gen­er­a­tion of sec­ondary par­ti­cles when the beam in­ter­acts with the beam­line el­e­ments is a well-known issue. In par­tic­u­lar, the en­ergy de­grader is the dom­i­nant source of sec­ondary ra­di­a­tion. This poses new chal­lenges for the con­crete shield­ing of com­pact sys­tems and beam­line el­e­ments ac­ti­va­tion com­pu­ta­tion. We use a novel method­ol­ogy to seam­lessly sim­u­late all the processes rel­e­vant to the ac­ti­va­tion eval­u­a­tion. A re­al­is­tic model of the sys­tem is de­vel­oped using Beam De­liv­ery Sim­u­la­tion (BDSIM), a Geant4-based par­ti­cle track­ing code that al­lows a sin­gle model to sim­u­late pri­mary and sec­ondary par­ti­cle track­ing and all par­ti­cle-mat­ter in­ter­ac­tions. The sec­ondary par­ti­cle fluxes ex­tracted from the sim­u­la­tions are pro­vided as input to FIS­PACT-II to com­pute the ac­ti­va­tion by solv­ing the rate equa­tions. This ap­proach is ap­plied to the Ion Beam Ap­pli­ca­tions (IBA) Pro­teus®ONE (P1) sys­tem and the shield­ing of the pro­ton ther­apy re­search cen­tre of Charleroi, Bel­gium. Pro­ton loss dis­tri­b­u­tions are used to model the pro­duc­tion of sec­ondary neu­trals in­side the ac­cel­er­a­tor struc­ture. Two mod­els for the dis­tri­b­u­tion of pro­ton losses are com­pared for the com­pu­ta­tion of the clear­ance index at spe­cific lo­ca­tions of the de­sign. Re­sults show that the vari­a­tion in the ac­cel­er­a­tor loss mod­els can be char­ac­terised as a sys­tem­atic error.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOMS041
About •	Received ※ 19 May 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 22 June 2022
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MOPOMS042	Comparison Between Run 2 TID Measurements and FLUKA Simulations in the CERN LHC Tunnel of the Atlas Insertion Region	732
	D. Prelipcean, K. Biłko, F. Cerutti, A. Ciccotelli, D. Di Francesca, R. García Alía, B. Humann, G. Lerner, D. Ricci, M. Sabaté-Gilarte CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland B. Humann TU Vienna, Wien, Austria
	In this paper we pre­sent a sys­tem­atic bench­mark be­tween the sim­u­lated and the mea­sured data for the ra­di­a­tion mon­i­tors use­ful for Ra­di­a­tion to Elec­tron­ics (R2E) stud­ies at the Large Hadron Col­lider (LHC) at CERN. For this pur­pose, the ra­di­a­tion lev­els in the main LHC tun­nel on the right side of the In­ter­ac­tion Point 1 (ATLAS de­tec­tor) are sim­u­lated using the FLUKA Monte Carlo code and com­pared against Total Ion­is­ing Dose (TID) mea­sure­ments per­formed with the Beam Loss Mon­i­tor­ing (BLM) sys­tem, and 180 m of Dis­trib­uted Op­ti­cal Fibre Ra­di­a­tion Sen­sor (DOFRS). Con­sid­er­ing the com­plex­ity and the scale of the sim­u­la­tions as well as the va­ri­ety of the LHC op­er­a­tional pa­ra­me­ters, we find a gen­er­ally good agree­ment be­tween mea­sured and sim­u­lated ra­di­a­tion lev­els, typ­i­cally within a fac­tor of 2 or bet­ter.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOMS042
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 23 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 26 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 09 July 2022
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MOPOMS043	Automated Analysis of the Prompt Radiation Levels in the CERN Accelerator Complex	736
	K. Biłko, R. García Alía, J.B. Potoine CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	The CERN in­jec­tor com­plex is es­sen­tial in pro­vid­ing high-en­ergy beams to var­i­ous ex­per­i­ments and to the world’s largest ac­cel­er­a­tor, the Large Hadron Col­lider (LHC). Beam losses linked to its op­er­a­tion re­sult in a mixed ra­di­a­tion field which, through both cu­mu­la­tive and sin­gle-event ef­fects poses a threat to the elec­tronic equip­ment ex­posed in the tun­nel. There­fore, de­tailed knowl­edge of the ra­di­a­tion dis­tri­b­u­tion and evo­lu­tion is nec­es­sary in order to im­ple­ment ad­e­quate Ra­di­a­tion to Elec­tron­ics mit­i­ga­tion and pre­ven­tion mea­sures, re­sult­ing in an im­prove­ment of the ac­cel­er­a­tor ef­fi­ciency and avail­abil­ity. In this study, we pre­sent the au­to­mated analy­sis scheme put in place to ef­fi­ciently process and vi­su­alise the ra­di­a­tion data pro­duced by var­i­ous ra­di­a­tion mon­i­tors, dis­trib­uted at the four largest CERN ac­cel­er­a­tors, namely the Pro­ton Syn­chro­tron Booster, Pro­ton Syn­chro­tron, Super Pro­ton Syn­chro­tron, and the LHC, where a pro­ton beam is ac­cel­er­ated grad­u­ally from 160 MeV up to 7 TeV.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOMS043
About •	Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 30 June 2022
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MOPOMS044	Implications and Mitigation of Radiation Effects on the CERN SPS Operation during 2021	740
	Y.Q. Aguiar, A. Apollonio, K. Biłko, M. Brucoli, M. Cecchetto, S. Danzeca, R. García Alía, T. Ladzinski, G. Lerner, J.B. Potoine, A. Zimmaro CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	Dur­ing the Long Shut­down 2 (LS2, 2019-2020), the CERN ac­cel­er­a­tor com­plex has un­der­gone major up­grades, mainly in prepa­ra­tion for the High-Lu­mi­nos­ity (HL) LHC era, the ul­ti­mate ca­pac­ity for its physics pro­duc­tion. There­fore, sev­eral novel equip­ment and sys­tems were de­signed and de­ployed through­out the ac­cel­er­a­tor com­plex. To com­ply with the ra­di­a­tion level spec­i­fi­ca­tions and avoid ma­chine down­time due to ra­di­a­tion ef­fects, the elec­tron­ics sys­tems ex­posed to ra­di­a­tion need to fol­low Ra­di­a­tion Hard­ness As­sur­ance (RHA) method­olo­gies de­vel­oped and val­i­dated by the Ra­di­a­tion to Elec­tron­ics (R2E) pro­ject at CERN. How­ever, the es­tab­lish­ment of such pro­ce­dures is not yet fully im­ple­mented in the LHC in­jec­tor chain, and some R2E fail­ures were de­tected in the SPS dur­ing the 2021 op­er­a­tion. This work is de­voted to de­scrib­ing and analysing the R2E fail­ures and their im­pact on op­er­a­tion, in the con­text of the re­lated ra­di­a­tion lev­els and equip­ment sen­si­tiv­ity.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOMS044
About •	Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 21 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 26 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 08 July 2022
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TUOXGD2	Wireless IoT in Particle Accelerators: A Proof of Concept with the IoT Radiation Monitor at CERN	772
	S. Danzeca, A.J. Cass, A. Masi, R. Sierra, A. Zimmaro CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	The In­ter­net of Things (IoT) is an ecosys­tem of web-en­abled "smart de­vices" that in­te­grates sen­sors and com­mu­ni­ca­tion hard­ware to col­lect, send and act on data ac­quired from the sur­round­ing en­vi­ron­ment. Use of the IoT in par­ti­cle ac­cel­er­a­tors is not new, with ac­cel­er­a­tor sys­tems long hav­ing been con­nected to the net­work to re­trieve, send and analyse data. What has been miss­ing is the IoT con­cept of "smart de­vices" and above all wire­less con­nec­tiv­ity. We re­port here on the ad­van­tages of using a par­tic­u­lar IoT tech­nol­ogy, LoRa, for the de­ploy­ment of wire­less ra­di­a­tion mon­i­tors within the CERN par­ti­cle ac­cel­er­a­tor com­plex. IoT Ra­di­a­tion Mon­i­tors have been de­vel­oped as a re­sult of grow­ing de­mand for ra­di­a­tion mea­sure­ments where stan­dard in­fra­struc­ture is not avail­able. As a ra­di­a­tion-tol­er­ant de­vice, the IoT Ra­di­a­tion Mon­i­tor is a pow­er­ful "eye" for ob­serv­ing the real-time ra­di­a­tion lev­els in the CERN ac­cel­er­a­tors. We de­scribe here the tech­nolo­gies used for the pro­ject and the var­i­ous ad­van­tages their de­ploy­ment of­fers in a par­ti­cle ac­cel­er­a­tor en­vi­ron­ment. This opens up the pos­si­bil­ity for the de­ploy­ment of het­ero­ge­neous im­ple­men­ta­tions that would oth­er­wise have been im­prac­ti­cal.
	Slides TUOXGD2 [5.797 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUOXGD2
About •	Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 11 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 17 June 2022
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